Arthropod Biodiversity of Citrus Ecosystem with Special Reference to Citrus Leaf Miner
Anjitha George*
ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Regional Station, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka (560 065), India
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/48-54
Keywords: Arthropod biodiversity, Bioagents, Citrus ecosystem, Citrus leaf miner, Species composition
Abstract
The citrus leaf miner (CLM), scientifically known as Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton and belonging to the Gracillaridae family, is a significant nuisance for citrus nurseries and the tender leaves of young citrus plants. Damage caused by the larvae is conspicuous especially on the young foliage during initial phase of development and the management of the pest is highly critical. The present studies were carried out at ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur during 2013 to 2015 to document the species composition of bioagents (parasitoids and predators), their incidence levels and species richness/ diversity in citrus ecosystems with reference to citrus leaf miner. During the study, we documented individuals from two classes, four orders and six families of insects. Class Insecta was dominant followed by Arachnida. Among the six families, Eulophidae and Coccinellidae were the most dominant bioagent groups for parasitoid and predator, respectively. Relative abundance of the bioagents of P. citrella revealed that C. phyllocnistoides was the predominant one and constituted 30% of total bioagents collected followed by Cirrospilus sp. (including C. quadristriatus, C. ingenuus) (25%), E. brevicornis (15%) and S. striatipes (9%). Coccinellids constituted about 3%; whereas, chrysopid predator, M. desjardinsi and spider species constituted 13% and 7%, respectively of the total bioagent collection. Understanding of the bioagent complex in citrus ecosystem will help us to identify the promising ones for biological control as well as guide us the bioagent active frame to avoid pesticide sprays to sustain them naturally in the ecosystem.
Downloads
not found
Reference
Amalin, D.M., Reiskind, J., Pena, J.E., Mcsorley, R., 2001. Predatory behavior of three species of sac spiders attacking citrus leafminer. The Journal of Arachnology 29(1), 72-81. DOI: 10.1636/0161-8202(2001)029[0072:PBOTSO]2.0.CO;2.
Argov, Y., Rossler, Y., 1996. Introduction, release and recovery of several exotic natural enemies for biological control of the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella, in Israel. Phytoparasitica 24(1), 33-38.
Ateyyat, M.A., Mustafa, T.M., 2001. Cultural control of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on lemon in Jordan. International Journal of Pest Management 47(4), 285-288. DOI: 10.1080/09670870110047145.
Browning, H.W., Pena, J.E., 1995. Biological control of citrus leaf miner by its native parasitoids and predators. Citrus Industry 76(4), 46-48.
Browning, H.W., Pena, J.E., Stansly, P.A., 1996. Evaluating the impact of indigenous parasitoids on populations of citrus leaf miner. In: Proceedings, International Meeting: Managing the Citrus Leaf miner. (Ed.) Hoy, M.A. 22-25 April, 1996, Orlando, Florida. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. pp. 14-15.
Chen, R.T., Chen, Y.H., Huang, M.D., 1989. Biology of green lacewing, Chrysopa boninensis and its predation efficiency to citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella. In Studies on the Integrated Management of Citrus Insect Pests. Academic Book and Periodical Press, Beijing, China. 96-105. (in Chinese)
Elekcioglu, N.Z., Uygun, N., 2013. Population fluctuation of Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its parasitoids in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(5), 1393-1403.
Elnagar, H.M., Soliman, M.H.A., 2016. Population fluctuation of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella stainton (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) in three citrus varieties. Menoufia Journal of Plant Protection 1(3), 155-162. DOI: 10.21608/mjapam.2016.176681.
Garcia-Mari, F., Granda, C., Zaragoza, S., Agusti, M., 2002. Impact of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on leaf area development and yield of mature Citrus trees in the Mediterranean area. Journal of Economic Entomology 95(5), 966-974. DOI: 10.1093/jee/95.5.966.
George, A., Kuttalam, S., Rao, C.N., 2018. Morpho-physiological adaptations and histological changes in response to Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7(12), 3578-3589. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.405.
Henderson, P.A., 2003. Practical Methods in Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom. ISBN: 978-1-405-10244-5. p. 163.
Herting, B., 1977. Hymenoptera. A Catalogue of Parasites and Predators of Terrestrial Arthropods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy. Volume 4. pp. 1-206.
Herting, B., 1975. Lepidoptera, Part 1 (Microlepidoptera). A Catalogue of Parasites and Predators of Terrestrial Arthropods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy. Volume 6. pp. 1-218.
Hoy, M.A., Jeyaprakash, A., Clarke-Harris, D., Rhodes, L., 2007. Molecular and field analyses of the fortuitous establishment of Lipolexis oregmae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) in Jamaica as a natural enemy of the brown citrus aphid. Biocontrol Science and Technology 17(5), 473-482. DOI: 10.1080/09583150701309469.
Hoy, M.A., Nguyen, R., 1997. Classical biological control of the citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): Theory, practice, art and science. TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA 8(Suppl. 1), 1-19.
Hoy, M.A., Nguyen, R., Hall, D., Bullock, R., Pomerinke, M., Pena, J., Browning, H., Stansly, P., 1995. Establishment of citrus leafminer parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola in Florida. Citrus Industry 76, 12-17.
Kalaitzaki, A.P., Tsagkarakis, A.E., Lykouressis, D.P., 2011. Population fluctuation of Phyllocnistis citrella and its parasi-toids in two citrus species in Western Crete (Greece). ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 20(1), 31-44. DOI: 10.12681/eh.11506.
Karamaouna, F., Pascual-Ruiz, S., Aguilar-Fenollosa, E., Verdú, M.J., Urbaneja, A., Jacas, J.Á., 2010. Changes in predation and parasitism of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) populations in Spain following establishment of Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Biological Control 52(1), 37-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.09.009.
Neale, C., Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C., Miles, M., 1995. Importation, host specificity testing, rearing and release of three para-sitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in eastern Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 34, 343-348.
Noyes, J.S., 2008. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available at: https://nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids/. Accessed on: 25 March, 2021.
Ohbayashi, N., Mafi, S., 2010. Some biological parameters of Sympiesis striatipes (Hym.: Eulophidae), an ectoparasitoid of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lep.: Gracillariidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran 30(1), 29-40.
Pena, J.E., Duncan, R., Browning, H., 1996. Seasonal abundance of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its parasitoids in south Florida citrus. Environmental Entomology 25, 698-702.
Pieloue, C., 1981. The broken-stick model: A common misunderstanding. American Naturalist 117, 609-610.
Rao, C.N., George, A., Prasad, A.R., Rehman, H.U., Kumar, R.A., Kumar, A.S., Ghike, S., Dhengre, V. N., 2017. Field testing of indigenously synthesized sex pheromone for the management of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton under central Indian conditions. Current Science 113(12), 2298-2304. DOI: 10.18520/cs/v113/i12/2298-2304.
Rao, C.N., Shivankar, V.J., 2002. Incidence of citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella) and its natural enemies in central India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 72(10), 625-627.
Schauff, M.E., LaSalle, J., Wijesekara, G.A., 1998. The genera of chalchid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Journal of Natural History 32(7), 1001-1056. DOI: 10.1080/00222939800770521.
Senguttuvan, K., 2013. Investigation on Bioefficacy, phytotoxicity, safety and harvest time residues of Lufenuron 5.4 EC on Cabbage and Cauliflower. PhD Thesis submitted to the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. pp. 1-179.
Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C., 1996. Australian citrus IPM and citrus leafminer. In: Managing the citrus leaf miner. (Ed.) Ηoy, Μ. Proceedings of International Conference, 22-25 April 1996, Orlando, Florida. pp. 34-46.
Subba Rao, B., Ramamani, S., 1965. Biology of Cirrospiloides phyllocnistoides (Narayanan) and description of a new species, Scotolinx quadristriata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as parasites of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. Indian Journal of Entomology 27(91), 408-413.
Tahir, H.M., Butt, A., Naheed, R., Bilal, M., Alam, I., 2011. Activity density of Spiders inhabiting the citrus field in Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 43(4), 683-688.
Thompson, W.R., 1954. Section 2. Host Parasite Catalogue. Part 3. Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Calliceratid to Evaniid). A Catalogue of the Parasites and Predators of Terrestrial Arthropods. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ottawa. pp. 1-191.
Trjapitzin, V.A., 1978. The Family Elasmidae, in A Key to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR. (Ed.) Medvedev, G.S. (Leningrad, 1978), Volume 3, Part 2. pp. 467-469. (in Russian).
Ujiye, T., Kamijo, K., Morakote, R., 1996. Species composition of parasitoids and rate of parasitism of the citrus leaf-miner (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in central and northern Thailand, with key to parasitoids of CLM collected from Japan, Taiwan and Thailand. Bulletin of the Fruit Tree Research Station 29, 79-106.
Wang, L.M., You, J., Wang, Q., Wang, L.D., 1999. Niches of citrus leafminer and its natural enemies. Journal of Fujian Agriculture University 28, 319-324.
Xiao, Y., Fadamiro, H.Y., 2010. Exclusion experiments reveal relative contributions of natural enemies to mortality of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Alabama satsuma orchards. Biological Control 54(3), 189-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2010.05.005.
Xiao, Y., 2009. Biology, ecology and management of key pests of Satsuma citrus in Alabama. A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Auburn, Alabama. pp. 1-177.
Xiao, Y., Qureshi, J.A., Stansly, P.A., 2007. Contribution of predation and parasitism to mortality of citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) populations in Florida. Biological Control 40(3), 396-404.