Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): Clarifying the Genomic Landscape for Precision Pest Management in Agriculture
Berryish Metha, C.*
Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India
Samuel Peter
Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India
Bishnupriya Gauda
Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India
Dhanvarsha M.
Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India
Selsiya Billy
Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54083/PHA/2.2.2024/48-60
Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bioinsecticide proteins, Evolutionary analysis, Genetically modified crops, Genome profiling
Abstract
The story of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) is presented in detail, covering its discovery in 1901 and its rise to prominence in the worldwide fight against pests. Originating with Shigetane Ishiwata's isolation in 1901 and Ernst Berliner's identification in 1911, Bt's milestones include the 1958 commercialization and 1996 introduction of genetically modified Bt crops, covering 1.5 billion hectares by 2022. Bt, a dominant force in biocontrol with over 98% of commercialized biopesticides, employs diverse toxins such as Cry, Cyt and Vip families. Its precise insecticidal action, notably Cry proteins' multistep mechanism, targets key pests like Fall Armyworm and Diamondback Moth. Bt's versatile applications extend to combating nematodes and genetic exploration through advanced techniques, including whole genome sequencing. Indigenous Bt isolates, exemplified by T405 and T414, showcase robust toxicity. Phylogenetic tree construction unravels the evolutionary pathways of insecticidal crystal proteins, portraying Bt as a resilient force in safeguarding agriculture and ecosystems. This review concludes by envisioning the future evolution of Bt's application in agriculture, emphasizing sustainable practices guided by the collaboration between nature and science.
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