From Oats to Almonds: The New Face of Plant-based Milk in India and Beyond: Uprise, Significance, Challenges and Opportunities

Sakshi Kaith — Sat, 14 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

Milk consumption patterns are changing worldwide, with plant-based milks derived from cereals, legumes, nuts and seeds increasingly gaining popularity. This shift can be attributed to several factors such as the high prevalence of lactose intolerance which affects half the global population and milk allergies. Furthermore, rising awareness in consumers regarding animal welfare, also the proliferation of veganism and concerns related to environment sustainability are fuelling this revolution. Studies have shown that plant-based milk such as oat milk, soy milk and almond milk requires less water and produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to cow’s milk. However, these alternatives lack adequate protein content, bioactive peptides making fortification and processing technologies essentially for improving their nutritional values. In India, coconut milk and almond milk have deep roots in ancient culture. But the high market price of plant-based milk is another challenge for low-income consumers. Therefore, the future of plant-based milk will depend on addressing the nutritional gaps and also making them affordable for all consumers.

How to Cite

Kaith, S., Gautam, A., Chauhan, D., 2026. From Oats to Almonds: The New Face of Plant-based Milk in India and Beyond: Uprise, Significance, Challenges and Opportunities. Biotica Research Today 8(2), 25-27. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.02.26/25-27.

Flavour Compounds in Fish and Shellfish

Sakthivel Devadharshini — Mon, 09 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

Seafood flavour is a complex phenomenon obtained from the interaction of compounds present in fish and shellfish. The prominent flavour bearing compounds in seafood are mainly nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous substances and it varies based on their species, age, sex, diet, season, environment and post-mortem handling. Several processing and storage conditions, like cooking, freezing, smoking, drying and canning, result in the production of desirable and undesirable flavours. The most important flavour substances in shrimp and lobster are bromophenols and geosmin. In order to control the undesirable flavours, the quality of desirable flavours in seafood can be improved by understanding flavour compounds and their interactions, short processing conditions and coating of flavour compounds with encapsulants.

How to Cite

Devadharshini, S., 2026. Flavour Compounds in Fish and Shellfish. Biotica Research Today 8(2), 21-24.

Community-based Fish Sanctuaries for Fish Conservation in Garo Hills in the North-Eastern Region of India

Pranab Gogoi — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Fish sanctuaries provide a congenial habitat that supports to fish growth, survival and recruitment. The community-led conservation approach signifies its community participations for conserving fish resources through locally enforced regulations. Evidence from the protected stretches of the River Simsang, Meghalaya shows that the consistent community observations and societal regulations can efficiently restore the declined fish stocks at Wachi-Wari fish sanctuary. The collective decision making and indigenous knowledge systems have contributed significantly to the recovery of ecologically important hill stream fishes (e.g., mahseers), while simultaneously enhancing local livelihood security. The community managed fish sanctuaries in the Garo Hills, Meghalaya illustrates a suitable example of conservation approach for ‘mahseer’ which is relevant to the other parts of the Northeast India and comparability to the other tropical river systems.

How to Cite

Gogoi, P., DebRoy, P., Chanu, T.N., et al., 2026. Community-based Fish Sanctuaries for Fish Conservation in Garo Hills in the North-Eastern Region of India. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 17-20.

Permaculture-Oriented Plant Improvement via Microbial Synergy

Tushar Mehra — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

The Green Revolution contributed to food security but quietly dismantled conventional systems: the living relationship between plants and soil microbial communities. Modern cultivars, breed for chemically managed soils have largely lost the ability to cooperate with the biological networks that regulate nutrient cycling, stress tolerance and resistance to diseases. Permaculture has always understood what mainstream agronomy is only beginning to measure that soil is a community, not a substrate and that plants are partners in an underground relations shaped by millions of years of co-evolution. This article addressed a breeding framework along with agronomical aspect grounded in the holobiont paradigm, treating the plant and its micro-biome as a single unit of selection. Interestingly, microbiome-responsive varieties only express their potential where living soil exists precisely where permaculture's design principles become agronomically essential. Integrating ecological breeding with permaculture practice offers a credible pathway toward resilient, low-input food systems.

How to Cite

Mehra, T., Bharti, A., 2026. Permaculture-Oriented Plant Improvement via Microbial Synergy. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 14-16. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.01.26/14-16.

Phenotypic Characterization of Ramnad Mundu Chilli using IPGRI Descriptors

Gadha Sreekumar — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Chillies imparts flavour and spices to every meal that are unmatched by any other cuisine in the world. In addition to paying an essential role in Indian cuisine, chillies play a significant role in the Indian economy as a cash commodity. Due to the nutritional value and health advantages of chilli, there has been a constant demand as a commercial crop worldwide. A type of chilli, Mundu chilli to be distinctive among chilli types is renowned for its fiery, pungent flavour at Ramanathapuram district, a dry land of Tamil Nadu has achieved GI tag for its uniqueness. It has a great potential to augment the food system and demand in the future for foreign exchange earnings in India, due to its strong flavour, high antioxidant, capsaicin and oleoresin contents.

How to Cite

Sreekumar, G., Thiruppathi, M., Manjusha, M.R., et al., 2026. Phenotypic Characterization of Ramnad Mundu Chilli using IPGRI Descriptors. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 10-13.

Securing Futures through Crop Protection with Nanotechnology

Pranab Dutta — Sun, 11 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Food demands are influencing developments in agriculture to address food challenges such as pests, soil erosion and climatic change as the population of the world continues to increase. Nanotechnology, especially phytonanotechnology, has now been used in modern agriculture where nanoparticles (NPs) of 1-100 nm are used to manage crops. The four major types of NPs, metallic, ceramic, carbon and polymer are significant especially the metallic NPs that have antibacterial properties such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper and silver. Plant size, chemical composition and plant development are factors that influence the degree to which NPs are effective against pathogens. They act by interfering with cell membrane and generating reactive oxygen species. Carrying out safety research on metal nanoparticles in crops is important. Some of the agricultural applications of nanotechnology encompass nanofertilizers to deliver nutrients efficiently, nano biosensors to monitor the levels of environmental contaminants and nano pesticides as an alternative to conventional pesticides to improve soil fertility and productivity of crops and lengthening of food shelf life.

How to Cite

Dutta, P., Vanlaltani, L., Talukdar, M., et al., 2026. Securing Futures through Crop Protection with Nanotechnology. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 06-09. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.01.26/06-09.

Microalgae Spirulina Supercharging Aquaculture: Harnessing Spirulina’s Role in Combating Abiotic and Biotic Stressors in Aquaculture

Mayuri Nag — Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Spirulina is a filamentous multicellular naturally occurring blue-green algae, having a high nutritional value. It has been declared as ‘super food’ of 21^st century by the World health Organization (WHO). It is widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, nutrition and in aquaculture as feed, growth enhancers and immunostimulants. In the field of aquaculture Spirulina platensis is well known for its a rich source of protein. It possesses biologically active compounds like phycocyanin and carotenoids because of which the immunity and overall health status of fish and other vertebrates can be enhanced during stressful condition. Spirulina supplementation in diet of fish and shrimp, can improve their growth and survival rates. Spirulina is also used for water management practices in aquaculture systems across the globe.

How to Cite

Nag, M., Savaliya, B., Kumar, S., 2026. Microalgae Spirulina Supercharging Aquaculture: Harnessing Spirulina’s Role in Combating Abiotic and Biotic Stressors in Aquaculture. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 01-05.

Herbal Feed Additives with Feed Attractant and Stimulant Effect: The Potential New Avenue for Aquafeed

Annadurai Veeradharsan — Fri, 13 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST

The global fish production is estimated at 178 million tonnes, out of which 88 million tonnes were from aquaculture. Capture fisheries have been stagnant in recent years. To fulfil the global demand, many countries are adopting advanced aquaculture practices to improve production. Fish feed is one of the essential and primary components in the aquaculture sector. To optimize the feeding performance of fish, various chemical additives are being incorporated. Despite its effectiveness, differential effects of additives are recorded. Consumers’ concern for natural food has made an impact on the adoption of herbs as a preferable aquafeed additive. Using herbs as an efficient feed additive may help achieve the intended outcomes than other commercially sold chemical additives. Herbs are available at a low price and can act as effective additives and prophylactics in the aquafeed, with growth-supporting possibilities. Herbs are presumed to include several bioactive substances like phenolics, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and steroids, which might assist in improving several physiological features, including feed intake, antioxidant capacity, growth, shelf life and raising the immunological activation. This article explains the current status of herbs and their inclusion in the aquaculture nutrition sector and their performance as an aquafeed additive. The use of herbs in aquafeed might assist in replacing chemical additions and fostering economical and sustainable production.

How to Cite

Veeradharsan, A., Roy, U., Kumar, K., et al., 2024. Herbal Feed Additives with Feed Attractant and Stimulant Effect: The Potential New Avenue for Aquafeed. Research Biotica 6(4), 161-166. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.4.2024/161-166.

Exploring the Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana: A Comprehensive Review on its Role as a Biocontrol Agent for Insect Population Management in Agriculture

Sushil Kumar — Thu, 28 Nov 2024 00:00:00 IST

This paper thoroughly investigates the possibilities of entomopathogenic fungus, especially Beauveria bassiana, as a feasible and eco-friendly substitute for traditional chemical pesticides under the framework of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In order to lower the excessive reliance on synthetic agrochemicals, the growing problem of pesticide resistance among pest populations and the related negative consequences on environmental and human health drives increasing need to adopt sustainable pest control practices. In this context, entomopathogenic fungi are an important biological control agent because of their inherent pathogenic features, wide host range and several modes of actions. This fungus not only infects and kills many species of insect pests (chewing and sap-sucking) but also interacting endophytically within plant tissues. Their colonization of the plant may strengthen such resistance and enhances the plant's natural defences, which indirectly reduce pests and increase the resilience of plants. Moreover, the development of innovative formulation technologies in recent years has also enhanced the persistence and field efficacy of B. bassiana, allowing its practical usage possible across a wide range of agro-climatic conditions. This fungus, which can be a direct insecticide and cause plant systemic resistance, has several properties that help to reduce reliance on chemical pesticide use. This study has examined the challenges and possibilities of using entomopathogenic fungus and points a way toward the adoption of commercially viable and environmentally sustainable pest control techniques in Indian agriculture and beyond.

How to Cite

Kumar, S., Saxena, G., Prajapati, V.P., et al., 2024. Exploring the Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana: A Comprehensive Review on its Role as a Biocontrol Agent for Insect Population Management in Agriculture. Research Biotica 6(4), 151-160. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.4.2024/151-160.

Reduction of Chemical Potassic Source of Fertilizer by Integrating Potash Solubilising Bacteria in Sali Rice

Ipsita Ojah — Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 IST

The study here entitled “Reduction of Chemical Potassic Source of Fertilizer by Integrating Potash Solubilising Bacteria in Sali Rice” was carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) of Udalguri under Assam Agricultural University, Assam. The demonstrations were conducted at farmer’s plot at different villages of Udalguri district during Kharif seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22, to measure the effect of continuous application of inorganic fertilizers along with organic nutrients on crop productivity, economics, soil fertility and plant health. The integration of Potash-Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB) with a 50% reduction in potassic fertilizer application resulted in an average grain yield of 46 and 45 q ha^-1, across two consecutive years, demonstrating a 5.45% yield improvement over conventional fertilization. Soil potassium availability improved significantly, with increased organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and microbial activity. The economic analysis revealed a higher benefit-cost (B:C) ratio of 2.1 in KSB-treated plots compared to 1.37 in conventional farmer’s practices, indicating the cost-effectiveness of biofertilizer-based Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). These results enlighten the potential of KSB in reducing chemical input dependency while maintaining the sustainable rice productivity.

How to Cite

Ojah, I., Borah, D., Hafiz, A., et al., 2024. Reduction of Chemical Potassic Source of Fertilizer by Integrating Potash Solubilising Bacteria in Sali Rice. Research Biotica 6(4), 144-150. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.4.2024/144-150.

Variability Studies in Half Sib Progenies of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) var. Arka Kiran for Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes

Sanjana U. — Tue, 15 Oct 2024 00:00:00 IST

India is known for growing fruit crops that are widely valued in the market. In particular, red pulp varieties of guava tend to have a presence of seeds which limits their overall popularity, among consumers. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to find genotypes having deep red or pink coloured pulp and low seed number. The 48 progenies showed range of variability in terms of plant growth, yield traits and quality traits. Progenies viz., PG 15-9 (2.10 m), PG 1-7 and PG 35-1 (2.16 m) have showed low tree height. Fruit yield was highly significant in PG 24-6 (22.45 kg tree^-1). Number of seeds fruit^-1 of progenies underlined varied between 111.22 and 630.95. Compared with PG 1-7 with its parent Arka Kiran whose fruits were of almost equal weight, PG 1-7 proved to be having less number of seeds (341.52 seeds fruit^-1) compared to Arka Kiran (428.98 seeds fruit^-1). With regards to biochemical constituents of fruit, maximum TSS and total sugar content were seen in progeny, PG 1-7 (12.6 °Brix; 6.72%). Among progenies, maximum ascorbic acid content was seen in PG 28-1 (220.42 mg/ 100 g), followed by PG 1-7 (203.73 mg/ 100 g). In short, on the basis of examination of numerous physico-chemical traits of half-sibling progenies of guava var. Arka Kiran, progeny PG 1-7 proved to be the superior one in terms of maximal intensity of colour of fruit pulp, fruit quality, seed traits and yield, in addition to its organoleptic qualities.

How to Cite

Sanjana, U., Kavino, M., 2024. Variability Studies in Half Sib Progenies of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) var. Arka Kiran for Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes. Research Biotica 6(4), 125-143. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.4.2024/125-143.

Advancing Animal Husbandry Practices through Front Line Demonstrations for Improved Livestock and Fodder Management in Dharmapuri District

Thangadurai, R. — Sat, 28 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST

Krishi Vigyan Kendra provides the rural farmers with an opportunity to upgrade their knowledge in the area of agriculture and allied sectors. KVKs implement Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) which are implementations of new technologies on the farmers’ fields with advisory support. In animal sciences, FLDs were on infertility management, clean milk production and high nutrition, long duration fodder crop varieties. These field level demonstrations enable scientists to obtain real time data to further improve the technologies to be used in future research and extension programs. KVK Dharmapuri implemented FLDs in animal sciences from 2014-2024. The implementation of the new technologies in nutrition management, disease prevention and new fodder crop varieties led to the following changes. Milk yield increased from 6 to 9 liters day^-1, weight gain in sheep and goats also enhanced from 4 to 6 kg month^-1 and lamb death rate improved from 75% to 90%. Fodder production also increased from 70 to 200 tons acre^-1, this is 185% improvement as compared to the traditional varieties. The income of the farmers from livestock enterprises increased from Rs. 72,000.00 to Rs. 92,400.00, which is 28% more than that of the traditional practices. The results of this study show that the FLDs in animal sciences developed in Dharmapuri have positively affected the living standard, production of forages and income from livestock production.

How to Cite

Thangadurai, R., Vennila, M.A., 2024. Advancing Animal Husbandry Practices through Front Line Demonstrations for Improved Livestock and Fodder Management in Dharmapuri District. Research Biotica 6(3), 121-124. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/121-124.

Effect of Drip Irrigation and Nano Zinc Oxide Biofortification on Yield Formation of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Sandy Loam Soil

Kalipada Pramanik — Tue, 24 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST

The combination of sufficient irrigation and balanced nutrition methods leads to higher crop yields of the grains. An experiment was performed to assess the impact of several drip irrigation schedules, viz., DI₁: once-in-2 days, DI₂: once-in-3 days, DI₃: once-in-4 days and DI₄: surface flooding method (farmers' practice), alongside agronomic biofortification of zinc, viz., Zn₀: no zinc treatment, Zn₁: soil application of zinc sulphate at 20 kg ha^-1, Zn₂: foliar application of nano zinc oxide at 40 ppm, Zn₃: seed priming with zinc oxide at 40 ppm and Zn₄: seed coating with nano zinc oxide at 40 ppm on yield-contributing parameters and grain production of maize during the summer seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the Agricultural Farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal. The heightened frequency of drip irrigation programs markedly enhanced yield components and elevated maize grain yield. Biofortification of nano zinc oxide as seed coating enhanced yield parameters and grain yield. Correlation studies pointed out that grain numbers row^-1, length of cob, girth of cob, weight of cob and seed weight cob^-1 were highly significant and positively correlated with grain yield except number of grains-rows cob^-1. Results also revealed that a highly positive and significant correlation was obtained between grain yield with seed weight cob^-1 (0.744^*** and 0.867^***) during 2022 as well as 2023. It is rational to conclude that number of grains row^-1, cob length, cob weight and seed weight cob^-1 are the major contributors towards grain yield since these characters had high positive correlation.

How to Cite

Pramanik, K., Aktar, S.N., Dhakre, D.S., et al., 2024. Effect of Drip Irrigation and Nano Zinc Oxide Biofortification on Yield Formation of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Sandy Loam Soil. Research Biotica 6(3), 113-120. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/113-120.

Effect of Phosphorus in Alleviating Arsenic Toxicity in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under Hydroponic System

Arghya Chattopadhyay — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST

In this experiment, effects of phosphorus (P) in reducing arsenic (As) uptake in paddy were studied under hydroponic system. The result recorded non-significance effect of As over number of leaves of rice. There was a considerable decrease in shoot height, shoot fresh weight and dry weight. Addition of 40 ppm P improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight, significantly. N and K content, were improved with increased P application. Highest shoot P content of 0.38% and shoot K content of 1.75% were recorded in treatment T_9.A similar pattern was also found for rice root, where highest P content of 0.49% and K content of 2.86% were recorded in treatment T_9. Highest shoot As of 931 μg kg^-1 and root As of 1.61 mg kg^-1were found in the treatment T₁. Addition of 40 ppm P significantly lowered the shoot As content to 548.67 μg kg^-1 which was 69.68% decrease and 2.09 times decrease in root As was found as compared to control (treatment T₁). Finally, external application of 40 ppm P has ameliorating effect over As toxicity and significantly reduce As content in rice.

How to Cite

Chattopadhyay, A., Singh, A.P., Mondal, T., 2024. Effect of Phosphorus in Alleviating Arsenic Toxicity in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under Hydroponic System. Research Biotica 6(3), 106-112. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/106-112.

An Overview of the Uptake Mechanism of Silicon and Its Importance in Increasing Yield and Salt Stress Alleviation in Crops

Sagardeep Sinha — Thu, 05 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST

Although present in huge abundance in the earth’s crust, the availability of silicon (Si) is very low in soil. But it imparts manifolds benefits on soil and plant health like increasing the yield of crops, stabilization of soil characteristics etc. The uptake of Si in soil and plant is mediated by certain carrier proteins which are present in the root of the crops. Mostly, the Poaceae crops are the efficient users of Si. A major impact of Si in crops is the remediation of biotic and abiotic stress. Globally, salt stress poses a serious hazard to plant development. Numerous studies have been conducted utilizing physiological, molecular genetics and genomic-based techniques in order to investigate the possible mechanisms to regulate the salinity stress through Si application. These studies were carried out in order to get a better understanding of the processes involved. Clarifying silicon's mitigating effects on oxidative stress, Na toxicity and salt-induced osmotic stress has advanced recently. The behavior of silicon in the soil, the processes by which it is absorbed and the function that it plays in plants in the process of warding off salt stress in plants are the primary topics of discussion in this article.

How to Cite

Sinha, S., Sinha, A.K., 2024. An Overview of the Uptake Mechanism of Silicon and Its Importance in Increasing Yield and Salt Stress Alleviation in Crops. Research Biotica 6(3), 99-105. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/99-105.

Impact of Agroforestry on Soil Fertility in a Natural Farming System

L. Chanu Langlentombi — Mon, 26 Aug 2024 00:00:00 IST

This work examines the effects of sole turmeric and turmeric intercropped with tree along with mulching under the Natural Farming system on soils nutrients level and physical properties of the soils at depths of 0 to 15 cm and 15 to 30 cm. The experimental plot was laid out at hill terrace with RBD design. The research specifically centers on the status of soil health in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, bulk density and pH. It was established that intercropping significantly improved soil nitrogen, potassium and organic carbon levels at both within the soils layer as compared to sole turmeric cultivation. Nitrogen levels increased to 336.88 kg ha^-1 and 323.42 kg ha^-1 in the intercropped system at the depths of the soils 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, respectively, while potassium levels and organic carbon were also noted to increase in the intercropped system which showed good potential soil fertility. However, there was no significant difference in the phosphorous content, bulk density and the pH between the two farming system. These findings suggested that intercropped turmeric with tree along with mulching improves soil fertility, promoting better soil health and potentially greater crop yield.

How to Cite

Langlentombi, L.C., 2024. Impact of Agroforestry on Soil Fertility in a Natural Farming System. Research Biotica 6(3), 95-98. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/95-98.

Vehicular Emission Scenarios in Selected Regions of India as per Vehicular Emission Norms

Sandhiya Lakshmanan — Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST

The transport sector is a major contributor to pollution. India has put in place Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES) to reduce air pollution caused by the road transport sector. The present study addresses the emission patterns of Light and Heavy Duty Vehicles in India across various BSES (BS-III, IV and VI). The emissions of pollutants such as VOC, NO_x, PM_2.5, CO and BC for the years 2013-2021 are estimated for both LDV and HDV functioning under BS-III, IV and VI norms. By analyzing variables such as vehicle characteristics and environmental factors, the study determines unique emission trends in selected states in the Plain, Eastern Himalaya and Himalaya and Trans-Himalaya areas. Notably, the Plain region's high population density and commercial activity make it a significant pollution producer. The results revealed that all the regions exhibited an overall increase in emissions till 2018 and after that emissions started declining. Significant reductions in VOC, PM_2.5, NO_x, CO and BC emissions are revealed by the switch to stringent BS standards, highlighting the benefits of cleaner fuels and cutting-edge engine technologies.

How to Cite

Lakshmanan, S., Upadhayay, A., 2024. Vehicular Emission Scenarios in Selected Regions of India as per Vehicular. Research Biotica 6(2), 87-94. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/87-94.

Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and FT-IR Analysis of Artemisia annua (L.) Varieties from Nigeria, China and Brazil: Insights into Bioactive Compounds and Functional Group Diversity

Yusuf A.M. — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST

This study presents a comprehensive phytochemical screening of three varieties of A. annua sourced from Nigeria, China and Brazil. Utilizing GC-MS and FT-IR techniques, the phytochemical composition and functional groups of each variety were analyzed. GC-MS analysis identified 38, 31 and 48 compounds in the Nigerian, Brazilian and Chinese varieties, respectively, highlighting a diverse array of bioactive compounds. FT-IR analysis revealed complex phytochemical profiles for the Brazilian and Nigerian varieties, indicating the existence of aromatics, alkanes, hydroxyl groups’, ketones, alkenes and esters. The FT-IR spectra for the Nigerian and Chinese varieties indicated additional functional groups, including nitro compounds and thiols, not observed in the Brazillian variety. Despite these differences, all varieties exhibited common functional groups’ like C-O, C-H and C=O stretches, suggesting that hydrocarbons, oxygen containing compounds and carbonyl groups’ were present. This comparative research offers significant understanding into the diversity of phytochemicals present in A. annua across different geographical locations, underpinning its potential pharmacological and medicinal applications.

How to Cite

Yusuf, A.M., Umar, A.M., Eberemu, N.C., et al., 2024. Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and FT-IR Analysis of Artemisia annua (L.) Varieties from Nigeria, China and Brazil: Insights into Bioactive Compounds and Functional Group Diversity. Research Biotica 6(2), 74-86. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/74-86.

Integrated based Nutrient Management on Nutrient Content and Nutrient Availability under Aromatic Rice-(Aromatic)-Lentil Cropping System

Punabati Heisnam — Sun, 09 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST

Management of nutrients by integrating is becoming an important issue after targeting on justifiable crop production. With this view point, a field experiment was undertaken at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal during the kharif and rabi season of 2016-17 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of integrated sources of nitrogen management in the performance of rice varieties (aromatic) and their lingering effects on the sequential lentil crop. Among the two varieties, nutrient content studies revealed that variety Gobindobhog recorded the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content compared to Kalonunia variety relating to root, shoot and grain. Conversely, the plot transplanted with Kalonunia had a higher residual effect on the yield attributes and yields of the succeeding lentil crop. In this experiment pooled analysis showed that the plot treated with 50% N using fertilizer + 50% N using vermicompost (T₆), 50% N using fertilizer + 25% N using vermicompost + 25% N using FYM (T₈) and 75% N using fertilizer + 25% N using vermicompost (T₉) recorded highest or at par nutrient content of rice plant. For the lentil plant, the plot receiving the residual effect of 50% N using fertilizer + 25% N using vermicompost + 25% N using FYM (T₈) observed maximum nutrient content. The lowest was recorded in control plot. Highest yield efficacy of aromatic rice was found in the plot treated with 50% N using fertilizer + 50% N using vermicompost (T₆) and highest lentil yield was recorded in a plot fertilized with 50% N using fertilizer + 50% N using FYM (T₇), respectively.

How to Cite

Heisnam, P., Moirangthem, A., Devi, D.K., et al., 2024. Integrated based Nutrient Management on Nutrient Content and Nutrient Availability under Aromatic Rice-(Aromatic)-Lentil Cropping System. Research Biotica 6(2), 63-73. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/63-73.

Composition and Diversity of Aquatic Insects of Majuli River Island of Assam

Shimantini Borkataki — Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 IST

The composition and diversity of aquatic insect was studied at Majuli river island during 2016-18. The occurrence of 48 species under 6 orders and 20 families was observed during surveys conducted in pre monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons covering 3 locations, 15 villages and 60 sampling sites. Odonata (47.92%) was the most dominant order with 23 species followed by 9 species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera with 18.75% abundance and Ephemeroptera (3 species, 6.25% abundance). While studying the diversity indices, the highest aquatic insect species were registered in Lower Majuli (29 species) followed by Upper Majuli (24 species) and Central Majuli (17 species). Highest Shannon-Weiner Index (H'=3.156), Simpson Index of Diversity (1-D=0.983) and Evenness (E_H=0.983) were recorded during monsoon season in Upper Majuli, whereas the lowest Shannon-Weiner Index (H'=2.341), Simpson Index of Diversity (1-D=0.913) and Evenness (E_H=0.860) were registered during winter in Central Majuli.

How to Cite

Borkataki, S., Bhattacharyya, B., Taye, R.R., 2024. Composition and Diversity of Aquatic Insects of Majuli River Island of Assam. Research Biotica 6(2), 52-62. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/52-62.

Azolla as a Nutrient-Rich Feed Supplement for Livestock: Enhancing Health and Productivity

Arjun Kumar Agarwal — Thu, 16 May 2024 00:00:00 IST

Azolla, an aquatic fern rich in nutrients, has attracted attention for its potential as a good feed additive for animals. Azolla, a tiny aquatic fern, is an excellent source of nutrients for cattle feed supplements. It has a low lignin content that facilitates easy digestion and high amount of protein, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Its mutual relationship with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae further increases its protein content, making it one of the richest alternative protein sources (25-30% protein). Incorporating Azolla into livestock diets offers numerous benefits. Its high digestibility and favorable amino acid profile promote efficient nutrient utilization, resulting in improved feed conversion ratios and reduced feed costs. Studies have demonstrated that Azolla supplementation can increase feed efficiency, average daily gain, milk production (15-20% increase) and overall productivity in various livestock species, including cattle, poultry, sheep, goats and fish. Azolla cultivation is a sustainable and cost-effective practice, as it can be grown in freshwater bodies with low input requirements. Its nitrogen-fixing capabilities and potential as a biofertilizer further contribute to sustainable agriculture practices. Additionally, Azolla farming presents entrepreneurial opportunities by providing a consistent supply of high-quality feed while aligning with the growing demand for organic and sustainable agricultural products. Overall, Azolla holds significant importance as a nutrient-dense feed supplement in the livestock sector, contributing to improved animal health, enhanced productivity, reduced production costs and the promotion of sustainable farming practices.

How to Cite

Agarwal, A.K., Kalakar, A., Mishra, P., et al., 2024. Azolla as a Nutrient-Rich Feed Supplement for Livestock: Enhancing Health and Productivity. Research Biotica 6(2), 46-51. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/46-51.

Arms Race of Melanogenic Actinobacteria Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus against Mulberry Root Rot Pathogens

Saratha M. — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 00:00:00 IST

Mulberry (Morus indica L.), is an astounding multipurpose woody, deciduous crop grown all over the world. Due to pathogens that cause root rot diseases in mulberry have a major impact on intensive crop cultivation and commercial cocoon production. Notably, it has been found that these pathogens affect healthy mulberry plantations regardless of their age, variety that grown in wide-ranging soil and agro-climatic conditions. To manage the pathogens, two potent melanogenic actinobacteria Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus isolated from mulberry rhizosphere with few extremophilic characteristics were identified in the previous study. Their antagonism towards these pathogens exhibited through a variety of phenomena. The chemical fingerprints of bioactive isolates revealed the presence of more than 30 compounds for each. Advantageously, smaller molecules were found to be the majority of them. Important bioactive inhibitory compounds including, 2,4-DTBP, binapacryl, decanoic acid groups, 1-hydroxy-6-methylphenazine, etc. were identified through GC-MS. In addition to evidence of antifungal metabolites there were also found traces of anti-bacterial, allelopathic compounds with other antioxidants and flavonoid compounds. The current work thus sheds light on the antifungal potency of melanogenic isolates, which has been unexplored/ poorly analyzed.

How to Cite

Saratha, M., Angappan, K., 2024. Arms Race of Melanogenic Actinobacteria Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus against Mulberry Root Rot Pathogens. Research Biotica 6(2), 38-45. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/38-45.

Influence of Abiotic Factors on Pest Dynamics in Rapeseed Mustard

Pradip Kumar Patel — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST

The study identified four key insect pests in mustard crop, i.e., mustard sawfly, mustard aphid, cabbage butterfly and painted bug. These pests have been shown to cause significant crop loss at different growth phases. During the crop’s vegetative stage, the highest prevalence of mustard sawfly was observed at the 47^th SMW (2.10 grubs plant^-1). There was positive relationship with maximum temperature (r=0.460^*) and negative correlation with maximum RH (r=0.568^*). The peak aphid population occurred during the 5^th SMW (126.90 aphids per 10 cm central twig plant) at siliqua formation stage. Notably, aphids exhibited a positive association with Coccinella spp. and syrphid flies (r=0.780^** and r=0.805^**, respectively). The cabbage butterfly’s maximal density was detected during the sixth SMW (2.40 larvae plant^-1). It demonstrated a substantial negative association with maximum temperature (r=-0.632^*) and a positive correlation with both minimum and maximum RH (r=0.721^** and r=0.455^*, respectively). The maximum occurrence of the painted bug was observed during the eighth SMW (3.00 bugs plant^-1), but no significant link with meteorological factors was found.

How to Cite

Patel, P.K., Singh, S.K., Sharma, K.R., 2024. Influence of Abiotic Factors on Pest Dynamics in Rapeseed Mustard. Research Biotica 6(1), 33-37. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/33-37.

Effectiveness of Abundance and Distribution of Benthos in Aquatic Ecosystem

Shuvrodeb Biswas — Thu, 21 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST

Benthic organisms have a great ecological impact in any aquatic ecosystem. The study was done at Rush River under Khulna region, Bangladesh to enhance the effectiveness of abundance for aquatic eco-system. The study was conducted at two different stations such as fresh area and processing plan area of Rush River from July to December of last three years. The investigation was connected with different months, the abundance-distribution of benthos varied and effects of pH on salinity and alkalinity of the river water has been propounded in this article to enhance ecosystem of benthos living. Arthropods were also found in relatively low in number both the fresh and polluted area relatively to the Mollusks. The Mollusks distribution increases up to 77% from June to October in Fresh area but at Polluted area, it reduces 28% than fresh area. Annelid at June-September and October is same but on July-August it’s become higher at both type of water. Arthropods reduce 33.3% from June to October in Fresh area but in polluted area it is very rare.

How to Cite

Biswas, S., Chakrabarty, M., Mallick, B., 2024. Effectiveness of Abundance and Distribution of Benthos in Aquatic Ecosystem. Research Biotica 6(1), 28-32. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/28-32.

Value and Prospects of Moringa oleifera as Non-Conventional Feedstuff in Livestock Production: A Review

Adeyinka Oye Akintunde — Fri, 08 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST

There is need to improve livestock production in Africa and developing countries across the world, to combat dietary animal protein insufficiency. Moringa oleifera is a fast growing plant that thrives well in almost all climatic conditions and is proven to contain high levels of protein (26% in dried leaf), vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals which have antioxidant, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and other properties and show a lot of prospects for organic agriculture, particularly in the current climate of consumer ambivalence about use of synthetic antibiotics and other additives in the livestock industry. The leaves have been proven to contain all the essential amino acids, the anti-nutritional factors are minimal and it is a proven hypocholesterolemic agent; it therefore has good potential for use particularly in poultry and swine production towards satisfying animal protein and mineral requirements and for satisfying consumer demand for lean meat. Whole seed and its components have desirable but largely untested properties for animal feeding, as does leaf stalk (rich in fibre, minerals and desirable phytochemicals). Woody stem is a potential source of bactericidal/ bacteriostatic bedding/ litter and when combusted may augment traditional fuels for supplying heat for brooding chicks or general heating of livestock housing in colder climes. Scientists should therefore be encouraged to research and demonstrate safety and effectiveness of Moringa oleifera products and by-products in animal agriculture and equally, crop farmers should be encouraged to take up moringa farming to enlarge supply and lower price per unit which is a critical requirement for its adoption in animal farming.

How to Cite

Akintunde, A.O., Ndubuisi-Ogbonna, L.C., Shobo, B.A., et al., 2024. Value and Prospects of Moringa oleifera as Non-Conventional Feedstuff in Livestock Production: A Review. Research Biotica 6(1), 17-27. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/17-27.

Evaluation of Maize Hybrids under Rainfed Condition in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal

S. Biswas — Sat, 24 Feb 2024 00:00:00 IST

At Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya's District Seed Farm (AB-Block), Kalyani during the 2020 kharif season, a experiment in the field was taken to study the performance of maize hybrids and to study crop yield and adaptability of maize hybrids. Four replications of the experiment were conducted using a Randomized Block Design and six maize hybrids (DKC 9144, DKC 7204, DKC 8181, P3396, Kaveri 50 and Yuvraj). The experiment's findings showed that the maize hybrid DKC 9144 recorded the highest growth attribute like plant height (252.67 cm) and characters related to yield attributing include 100 seed weight (41.67 g), grains row^-1(43.00) and grain rows cob^-1 (13.97). Highest grain yield (9.06 t ha^-1), stover yield (10.99 t ha^-1) and harvest index (47.80) were obtained by maize hybrid DKC 9144 than other maize hybrids. Lowest growth character (plant height), yield attributing characters (Grain rows cob^-1, Grains row^-1 and 100 seed weight), yields (Grain yield and Stover yield) and harvest index of maize were recorded by Kaveri 50 hybrid. According to the experimental findings, cultivating the hybrid maize variety DKC 9144 under rainfed conditions in new alluvial zone of West Bengal is advised in order to maximise the output of farmers.

How to Cite

Biswas, S., Saha, A., 2024. Evaluation of Maize Hybrids under Rainfed Condition in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. Research Biotica 6(1), 13-16. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/13-16.

Principal Component Analysis of Egg Parameters in Yoruba Ecotype, Sussex and Their Cross Bred Chickens

Abimbola Alice Ademola — Sat, 10 Feb 2024 00:00:00 IST

The egg parameters of Yoruba Ecotype Chicken (YEC), Sussex (SS) and their cross-bred chickens in the humid tropical region of Nigeria were assessed using principal component analysis. The study used 223 eggs, of which 124 YEC and 99 Sussex eggs were collected. Weekly data on the internal and external egg qualities of the hens were gathered using a vernier caliper, measuring tape and digital scale balance. The data acquired by dimension reduction with factor analysis were subjected to principal component analysis and the SPSS statistical package version 21 was also used to correlate the parameters pertaining to egg qualities. The strains' positive correlation with the traits related to egg quality indicated that PC 1 accounted for the largest portion of the overall variation in the characteristics of eggs. In YEC × YEC, 3PCs with high positive loading for egg width, egg number, egg length and shell thickness best described the characteristics of the egg quality. The characteristics of external quality (egg weight, egg width, shell thickness and shell weight) best characterized strain SS × SS. Comparably, strain SS × YEC was characterized by its external traits, whereas strain YEC × SS was characterized by its internal and external traits related to egg quality. It is concluded from this study that crossbreeding of YEC and SS can introduce variation, leading to a mix of internal and external quality characteristics of eggs. This information can be valuable for breeders who can select breeding pairs based on desired egg quality traits.

How to Cite

Ademola, A.A., Fayeye, T.R., Akintunde, A.O., et al., 2024. Principal Component Analysis of Egg Parameters in Yoruba Ecotype, Sussex and Their Cross Bred Chickens. Research Biotica 6(1), 07-12. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/07-12.

Feeding and Reproductive Ecology of Rodents: A Review

K. Sindhura Bhairavi — Thu, 25 Jan 2024 00:00:00 IST

Rodents are the most populous and widespread vertebrate pest of agriculture. It is a major cause of crop losses in fields and storage grains resulting in huge economic losses annually. Despite its huge economic importance, little is known about the pest in terms of its habitat, feeding habits, reproduction patterns and population dynamics. Due to the lack of proper knowledge, rodents are one of the most difficult pests to control in the agro-ecosystems. The management practices that exist are mostly chemo-centric and are often unreliable in controlling the populations. Hence, to develop efficient management strategies, it is important to gain a better insight into the ecology of rodents, both feeding and reproductive. This paper attempts to discuss the feeding and reproductive ecology of rodents, specifically but not limited to the agro-ecosystem.

How to Cite

Bhairavi, K.S., Borah, R.K., Bhattacharyya, B., et al., 2024. Feeding and Reproductive Ecology of Rodents: A Review. Research Biotica 6(1), 01-06. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/01-06.

Effects of Betacyfluthrin + Imidacloprid OD (Solomon) against Major Plant Hoppers on Rice Ecosystem in Burdwan, West Bengal

Sourav Sen — Sat, 23 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three distinct levels of concentration of Betacyfluthrin 90 g l^-1 + Imidacloprid 210 g l^-1 OD (Solomon) (45 g a.i. ha^-1, 60 g a.i. ha^-1and 75 g a.i. ha^-1) during kharif 2020 and 2021 against major plant hoppers of rice. White backed plant hopper (Sogatella furcifera) and Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) were found as major plant hoppers on rice field. Solomon @ 75 g a.i. ha^-1 was recorded significantly efficient against BPH and WBPH in both crop seasons (kharif 2020 and kharif 2021) with highest reduction over control (80.42% & 76.22% and 79.65% & 83.54%, respectively). A noticeably increased yield of rice grains was observed in case of Solomon @ 75 g a.i. ha^-1 treatment than in control plot in kharif 2020 (73.78 q ha^-1) and kharif 2021 (68.03 q ha^-1). Although the natural enemy population in the plots that were treated with Solomon @ 10-30 g a.i. ha^-1had no significant negative impact than the untreated control and other treated plots.

How to Cite

Sen, S., Patel, L.C., 2023. Effects of Betacyfluthrin + Imidacloprid OD (Solomon) against Major Plant Hoppers on Rice Ecosystem in Burdwan, West Bengal. Research Biotica 5(4), 162-168. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/162-168.

Characterization of Traditional Rice Varieties for Leaf Blast Resistant Genes Pi5, Pi54, Pi9 and Pi2 using Gene Specific Markers

A. Shanmugam — Wed, 13 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST

Magnaporthe oryzae poses a serious risk to rice growing regions worldwide. To combat this, future breeding efforts that aim to develop resistant varieties will need to identify and screen blast-resistant cultivars from existing germplasms. Thus, present study aimed to identify four major blast resistant genes (Pi54, Pi5, Pi2 and Pi9) in 20 traditional rice varieties using functional and linked markers. Results of the present study identified that fifteen traditional rice landraces were found to possess at least one resistant gene and three traditional landraces (Aanaikomban, Chenellu and Jai Sri Ram) had two resistant genes. These identified traditional rice landraces could be used as promising donor against rice blast disease for future rice breeding programmes to develop superior cultivars.

How to Cite

Shanmugam, A., Suresh, R., Ramanathan, A., et al., 2023. Characterization of Traditional Rice Varieties for Leaf Blast Resistant Genes Pi5, Pi54, Pi9 and Pi2 using Gene Specific Markers. Research Biotica 5(4), 158-161. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/158-161.

Host Reaction of Some Local Tomato Varieties against Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood

Shanowly Mondal (Ghosh) — Sat, 02 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST

An experiment was conducted for the investigations on screening on different local tomato varieties against RKN, Meloidogyne incognita under net house conditions during the year 2021-22. Out of thirty-five varieties only four (Abhimanyu, HY- Rocky, HY- 1276 and HY-Red Boar) were found to be moderately resistant to the nematode having root gall index between 2.1 to 3.0. Twenty-one varieties were found to be susceptible having root gall index between 3.1 to 4.0, but the remaining varieties were quite vulnerable to the nematode having root gall index between 4.1 to 5.0. Additionally, it was discovered that, in comparison to the other tomato types, Amlan and HY-3682 (Special) had the most gall infestation. All the varieties showed significant differences in their responses or reactions to root-knot nematodes from moderately resistant to vulnerable.

How to Cite

Mondal (Ghosh), S., Sardar, B.S., Amit Gope, A., et al., 2023. Host Reaction of Some Local Tomato Varieties against Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Research Biotica 5(4), 153-157. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/153-157.

Population Fluctuation of Gram Pod Borer in Rabi Pulses of West Bengal

Soumita Bera — Thu, 23 Nov 2023 00:00:00 IST

During the rabi season of 2021-22, a field research has been carried out at BCKV [District Seed Farm (AB Block)] Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal for studying the pattern of incidence of gram pod borer or tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubn.) in relation with prevailing meteorological parameters and to record the population fluctuation in four rabi pulse crops, viz., chickpea (var. KWR 108 and JAKI 9218), fieldpea (var. Rachna and VL 42), lentil (var. IPL 220 and L 4727) and grasspea (var. Prateek and Ratan). During the vegetative stage of the fieldpea, the Helicoverpa population first emerged, then gradually increased and declined near maturity; in lentil and grasspea it was recorded from flowering stage and persisted until maturity; in chickpea it was noticed from pod formation stage and continued up to maturity. None of the weather variables were significantly correlated with the Helicoverpa larvae population recorded on fieldpea and lentil while, regression studies denote that maximum (Max. T) and minimum (Min. T) temperature exhibited the most impact on the occurrence of Helicoverpa in grasspea and chickpea, respectively. The comparative study revealed that, Helicoverpa first appeared on lentil and field pea during the first week of January; then population appeared on grasspea during the end of second fortnight of January. Occurrence of the pest was noticed on lentil, field pea and grasspea in January and February and after that the population shifted to grasspea, fieldpea and chickpea during February to March. Chickpea was the most preferred crop as the highest population observed on this crop coinciding with pod formation stage.

How to Cite

Bera, S., Ray, S., Banerjee, A., 2023. Population Fluctuation of Gram Pod Borer in Rabi Pulses of West Bengal. Research Biotica 5(4), 145-152. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/145-152.

Influence of Different Planting Dates on the Occurrence of Key Pests Affecting Blackgram in the Lower Gangetic Alluvial Plain of West Bengal

A. Banerjee — Sun, 12 Nov 2023 00:00:00 IST

A field oriented experiment was executed over two consecutive summer months in 2019 and 2020 to study the influence of sowing dates of blackgram or urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) on the population fluctuation of its major pests viz., flower infesting thrips (Megalurothrips sp.) and spotted pod borer or legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fabr.). The blackgram variety PU 31 was sown on three different dates, with ten days apart specifically, on the 14^th of March, 24^th of March and 3^rd of April each year, representing early, medium and late sown crops. The experiment recorded fewer incidences of flower thrips in late-sown crop (population of 2.56 per 10 flowers in first year and 1.22 in second year) than early crop (4.71 and 2.42 in those years, respectively), while higher incidences of pod borer was recorded in late-sown crop (larval population of 2.49 plant^-1in first year and 2.58 in second year) than early crop (0.69 and 0.42 in those years, respectively). Given that early and late-sown crops attract more thrips and pod borers, respectively, it may be recommended to sow black gram during the last week of March, especially in the lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

How to Cite

Banerjee, A., Ray, S., 2023. Influence of Different Planting Dates on the Occurrence of Key Pests Affecting Blackgram in the Lower Gangetic Alluvial Plain of West Bengal. Research Biotica 5(4), 139-144. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/139-144.

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Crop Protection

M. Pratheepa — Wed, 25 Oct 2023 00:00:00 IST

In the era of 21^st century, agriculture is facing many challenges now-a-days to feed the world population. The population growth is increasing day by day and it expected to cross 10 billion by 2050. Agriculture farming plays significant role in growth of Indian economy. India stands second in farm production all over the world. After the green revolution, India face production loss with an estimate of US$ 36 billion. The agriculture production decreases mainly because of insect pests, diseases and weeds in important agricultural crops. Hence, there is a need of transition in farming system to adopt advanced and innovative technologies for more and sustainable production. In recent years Artificial intelligence gained popularity in agriculture and provides solutions in several areas like big data analysis, pest and disease forewarning models, mobile applications in IPM, Information and ICT based crop-advisory system, insect detection, pest and disease identification, etc. In the proposed paper, AI based applications discussed in detail to provide insights into innovative technologies and pave the way for knowledge dissemination and adoption of AI based technologies for more effective crop production and protection.

How to Cite

Pratheepa, M., Subaharan, K., Varshney, R., et al., 2023. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Crop Protection. Research Biotica 5(4), 132-138. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/132-138.

Seasonal Incidence of Different Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies in Tomato Ecosystem

Tanjil Rahman — Fri, 29 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST

A field investigation was carried out to analyze the seasonal incidence of different insect pests and their natural enemies in tomato ecosystem along with their correlation with weather parameters from December, 2020 to April, 2021. A total number of 10 insect pests and 11 natural enemies were documented throughout the season. Among those insect pests recorded, tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera was the major one (49.91% relative abundance) followed by aphid, Aphis gossypii (18.62%), serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (16.20%) and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (7.33%). Among the natural enemies, coccinellids were found abundantly and Coccinella transversalis recorded the highest relative abundance of 26.77% followed by Cheilomenes propinqua (10.23%), Cheilomenes sexmaculata (10.23%) and Coccinella septempunctata (9.44%). The findings of the experiment indicated that the maximum population of Helicoverpa armigera and L. trifolii was observed on the 10^th SMW. While in case of A. gossypii it was observed on the 7^th SMW respectively. The correlation between insect infestations and meteorological conditions demonstrated that the min temp. showed notable positive correlation with H. armigera and Aphis gossypii population and considerable negative correlation with L. trifolii. The max temp. showed noteworthy negative correlation with L. trifolii and Aphis gossypii. The morning relative humidity was found to possess significant positive correlation with L. trifolii and negative correlation with H. armigera. The evening relative humidity showed negative correlation with L. trifolii and Aphis gossypii. The study's findings provide a clear picture of the level of harm caused by insect pests in addition to helping us anticipate the seasonal occurrence of these pests for the purposes of pest monitoring and management.

How to Cite

Rahman, T., Devee, A., Dutta, P., 2023. Seasonal Incidence of Different Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies in Tomato Ecosystem. Research Biotica 5(3), 122-131. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/122-131.

Effect of Sulfuric Acid Scarification followed by Organic Mulching for Papaya Seedling Growth and Development, in Pot Culture

Serma Saren — Sat, 16 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST

A major obstacle to the development of papaya seeds is the aril, or sarcotesta, which is present in papaya and results in low and sluggish germination. Hence sulfuric acid was applied in order to evaluate its scarifying effect and materials like rice bran, wood chips and saw dust were used as organic mulching material for further facilitating the process of seed germination. The experiment was consisted of seven treatments and each treatment had 3 replications. The treatments were T₁ (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Saw dust mulching), T₂ (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Wood chips), T₃ (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Rice bran mulching), T₄ (sulphuric acid scarification for 30 sec + Saw dust), T₅ (sulphuric acid scarification for 30 sec + Wood chips), T₆ (scarification for 30 sec + Rice bran) and T₇ control (water). Experiment was carried on completely randomized design. Total leaf count and their length, number of rootlets, plant height, length of roots, germination percentage and chlorophyll content were the parameters which were observed in periodic intervals of seedling growth. From the entire experiment it can be stated that, acid scarification and use of organic mulches proved good for the papaya seedling development. However, amongst the various treatments, sulphuric acid scarification for one minute with use of wood chips as an organic mulch material was best, documenting proper results for the different attributes.

How to Cite

Saren, S., Das, A., 2023. Effect of Sulfuric Acid Scarification followed by Organic Mulching for Papaya Seedling Growth and Development, in Pot Culture. Research Biotica 5(3), 117-121. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/117-121.

Biopriming of Tomato Seeds with Native Trichoderma Species for Enhanced Seedlings Vigour

Dipankar Mandal — Wed, 23 Aug 2023 00:00:00 IST

The present research was carried out to investigate the effect of tomato seed biopriming using six native Trichoderma isolates under laboratory conditions. The seeds of tomato were primed in Trichoderma isolates and as a control treatment seeds were treated in sterile distilled water. It was observed that all the six native Trichoderma isolates showed good performance with respect to growth, germination percentage and vigour index of tomato seedlings as compared to control. Among the different Trichoderma isolates tested, T₅ isolate showed highest shoot growth (5.44 cm), root growth (3.74 cm), germination percentage (90.0%) and seedling vigour index (826.37) followed by T₄ isolate. The lowest shoot growth (4.22 cm), root growth (3.07 cm), germination percentage (56.7%) and seedling vigour index (412.70) were recorded in untreated control.

How to Cite

Mandal, D., Rini Pal, R., Mohapatra, S., 2023. Biopriming of Tomato Seeds with Native Trichoderma Species for Enhanced Seedlings Vigour. Research Biotica 5(3), 113-116. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/113-116.

Development of Low Cost Artificial Diet for Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematode, Heterorhabditis indica a Strain ICRI EPN-18

P. Thiyagarajan — Tue, 08 Aug 2023 00:00:00 IST

Eight different diets were compared for maximum production of entomopathogenic nematode infected Galleria cadavers with cheaper/ low cost in the laboratory. Among eight artificial diet composition tried, low grade milk powder 100 g, low grade glycerin 100 ml, honey 100 ml, corn flour 200 g, wheat bran 100 g, wheat flour 100 g and yeast 50 g produced almost maximum Galleria larvae with EPN infected cadavers and EPN infective juveniles (IJs) with cheaper cost while, the diet containing, ragi powder 100 g instead of milk powder, honey 100 ml, high grade glycerin 100 ml, corn flour 200 g, wheat bran 100 g, wheat flour 100 g and yeast 50 g produced least number of EPN infected Galleria cadavers and EPN IJs. Among the diet compositions, sugar solution 100 ml instead of honey along with other ingredients used, did not emerge or produce larvae from the Galleria eggs.

How to Cite

Thiyagarajan, P., Varna, M., Ansar Ali, M.A., Rema Shree, A.B., 2023. Development of low cost artificial diet for mass production of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis indica a strain ICRI EPN-18. Plant Health Archives 1(2), 34-36. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/34-36.

Effect of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Phosphorus Harvest Index of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Various Levels of Phosphorus Fertilization

Manoj Kumar — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 00:00:00 IST

The possible alteration in plant growth, productivity and phosphorus (P) demand of wheat under rising atmospheric CO₂ and temperature is expected to influence the partitioning of P to different plant parts of wheat. A phytotron experiment was conducted to study the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ (650 µmol mol^-1) and elevated temperature (ambient + 3 °C) on phosphorus harvest index of wheat at various levels (control, 100% and 200% of recommended P) of P fertilization. While there was a slight increase (5.6%) in P harvest index of wheat under elevated CO₂, the reverse trend (12.7% decline) was observed under elevated temperature with no consistent effect at various levels of P fertilization. Interestingly, there was a moderate decline (7.7%) in P harvest index of wheat under combined elevation of CO₂ and temperature as compared to their ambient combination. The results suggest that temperature could be the dominant factor as compared to the atmospheric CO₂ in deciding the overall impact of projected increase in atmospheric CO₂ and temperature on P harvest index of wheat. As there is logically possible relationship between P harvest index of wheat and various physical and nutritional qualities of wheat grains such as grain Zn and Fe content and their bio-availability, grain protein content, seedling vigour, etc., the decline in wheat’s P harvest index under projected levels of CO₂ and temperature in our study underscores the need of undertaking elaborate experimentations to investigate the probable effects of climate change on quality parameters associated with P harvest index of wheat.

How to Cite

Kumar, M., 2023. Effect of Elevated CO₂ and Temperature on Phosphorus Harvest Index of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Various Levels of Phosphorus Fertilization. Research Biotica 5(3), 107-112. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/107-112.

Isolation and Characterization of the Incitant of Leaf Spot of Turmeric and in-vitro Efficacy of Native Isolate of Endophytic Bacteria

Madhusmita Mahanta — Sun, 30 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

Turmeric, Curcuma longa L. is an important commercial spice crop cultivated in Meghalaya covering 2,649 ha area with 16,497 MT productions. However, the turmeric cultivation is severely affected by leaf spot disease limiting its yield. So, the present study was conducted to identify the pathogen associated with leaf spot disease of turmeric as well as to check the efficiency of bacterial endophytes in managing the disease. Based on the morphological and cultural studies, six isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were identified as the causal organism of leaf spot disease of turmeric. The isolates on PDA medium produced white to grey fluffy (raised/ flat) cottony culture with serrated margin. All the isolates produced dark brown acervuli and globular conidia with oil globules inside. Five bacterial endophytes viz., BE 1, BE 222, M1W1, NGB21 and SVC 11 were tested against C. gloeosporioides by using dual culture assay. They were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides in the range of 35.82-68.11%. The highest percent inhibition in dual culture assay was recorded in the isolate NGB 21 (68.11%) followed by isolate BE1 (59.89%).

How to Cite:

Mahanta, M., Rajesh, T., Dutta, P., 2023. Isolation and characterization of the incitant of leaf spot of turmeric and in-vitro efficacy of native isolate of Endophytic bacteria. Plant Health Archives 1(2), 29-33. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/29-33.

Adoption and Assessment of Integrated Strategies for Managing Major Insect Pests in Kharif Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

A. Banerjee — Tue, 25 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

For assessing the integrated strategies towards managing insect pest of green gram the concerned experiment was executed for consecutive three years using two treatments, viz., IPM nodule and Farmer’s practice. In case of IPM module management tactics included seed treatment with fungicide (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25%) and insecticide like thiamethoxam, seed dressing with rhizobium, installation of yellow sticky traps, pheromone traps, growing border crops, applying neem based insecticides and need based application of chlorantraniliprole. In case of Farmer’s practice only two round spray of chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin were given. In all the years aphid and spotted pod borer population were significantly less compared to the farmer’s practice (mean aphid population of 2.53 per 10 cm apical twig in IPM plots against 29.37 in Farmer’s practice while pod borer population of 0.77 larva plant^-1 in IPM and 4.8 in Farmer’s practice). Natural enemy population was considerably higher in IPM module (5.23 plant^-1) compared to the farmer’s practice (1.36 plant^-1). Higher incremental benefit cost ratio was also obtained from IPM modules.

How to Cite

Banerjee, A., Ray, S., 2023. Adoption and Assessment of Integrated Strategies for Managing Major Insect Pests in Kharif Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Research Biotica 5(3), 102-106. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/102-106.

Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis spp.): A Pest of Economically Important Fruit and Plantation Crops: Its Status and Management Prospects

Sankarganesh, E. — Tue, 18 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

The tea mosquito bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) is the recognized pest of fruits and plantations across the world. In India, three species viz. Helopeltis antonii, H. bradyi and H. theivora are dominant among different species and found attacking a wide range of crops. Several alternate host plants of the tea mosquito bug have been recorded, especially in Africa and Asia. The nymphs and adults of the tea mosquito bug suck the sap from leaves, buds and shoots, which results in heavy crop losses. The pest is posing a serious challenge in domestic and overseas trades. For better management decisions, it is very much important to know about pest status, bionomics, distribution, host range, etc. The focus on the management of tea mosquito bug has to emphasize from chemical to traditional, indigenous technical knowledge and integrated pest management using the accessible resources to reduce the resistance development and limit the residual effects. This review highlights the significant works conducted on tea mosquito bug with detailed management strategies. The information on current status, host preference, incidence and early detection of this pest are discussed.

How to Cite:

Sankarganesh, E., Lavanya Sravani, B., Rajeshwaran, B., Mounika, M.N., 2023. Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis spp.): A pest of economically important fruit and plantation crops: its status and management prospects. Plant Health Archives 1(2), 18-28. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/18-28.

Studies on in vitro Growth Rate of Culturable Gut Bacterial Flora of Three Stem Borers Infesting Rice (Oryza sativa)

Subrata Goswami — Tue, 11 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

Stem borers are the most devastating pest of rice globally. The present experiment was conducted to compare the in vitro growth rate under different temperature conditions of culturable gut bacteria isolated from three different rice stem borers viz., Scirpophaga incertulas (YSB), Chilo suppresalis (SSB) and Sesamia inferens (PSB). Growth was recorded spectrophotometrically by measuring optical density at 660 nm. The gut bacterial consortia of YSB and PSB grew better than those of SSB at lower temperatures (15 and 20 °C) while that of PSB performed equally well in the entire range of temperatures. The gut bacterial consortium of SSB grew luxuriantly with the increase in temperature with the peak growth at 30 °C. There was no marked difference in the growth trend of all the bacterial isolates at 30 °C. These results indicate differential temperature preferendum of gut flora and give insights into their possible relation with behavioural response of the host insect species at different temperature.

How to Cite

Goswami, S., Das, S.B., Rath, P.C., 2023. Studies on in vitro Growth Rate of Culturable Gut Bacterial Flora of Three Stem Borers Infesting Rice (Oryza sativa). Research Biotica 5(3), 97-101. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/97-101.

Study on Diversity of Fungus Associated with Nephila pilipes

Jalajakshi, S. — Thu, 06 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

The fungus has various type of association with spider. They can be pathogenic or symbiotic or commensal in relationship to spiders they live on. In the current study the diversity of fungi in association with Nephila pilipes spider were recorded. The fungi were isolated from its legs and saliva. The microscopic and macroscopic characters were obtained. The measurements of hyphae, conidia and conidiophore were recorded. The fungal growth was more on legs compared to saliva. The legs of the adult spider carried more fungi than saliva as they are associated with soil, carrying microflora on their legs. Further the four different fungus isolated as aspergillus, penicillium, Trichoderma and Cladosporium. The penicillium colony had abundant growth, aspergillus had moderate growth and Cladosporium had less growth compared to Trichoderma.

How to Cite:

Jalajakshi, S., Anagha, J., Buwaneshwari, S., Kalpana, R., Poojitha, P.L., Murthy, S., 2023. Study on Diversity of Fungus Associated with Nephila pilipes. Plant Health Archives 1(2), 14–17. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/14-17.

Best Management Practices for Sustainable Agriculture

Gouranga Saw — Thu, 29 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST

The present estimate of the number of people on Earth is 8 billion, but by the middle of the century, it is predicted to reach 9 billion. Simultaneously, the cultivable farm land is being lost to expanding urban areas, industrialization and climate change. The recent World Bank Report estimated that to feed 9 billion people, food production needs to scale up by 70% by 2050. In the present context, the significance of sustainable agriculture is crucial in ensuring the sustenance of the population and mitigating the adverse effects of climate change. Environmental protection, resource conservation, soil fertility maintenance and improvement are the key goals of sustainable agricultural practises. Sincere efforts have been taken to discuss the various sustainable agriculture methods and practices in this assessment.

How to Cite

Saw, G., Choudhary, S., 2023. Best Management Practices for Sustainable Agriculture. Research Biotica 5(2), 85-96. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/85-96.

Pre-Flowering Sprays of Zinc and Boron Influenced Panicle Emergence and Panicle Growth of Amrapali Mango

Prahlad Deb — Sat, 17 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST

The present investigation was conducted at the instructional farm of Rathindra Krishi Vigyan Kendra under Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva Bharati University, Sriniketan which comes under in humid sub-tropical region of West Bengal during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 to investigate the influence of pre-flowering sprays of zinc and boron on panicle emergence and panicle growth of Amrapali mango. The present study included nine treatment combinations of sprays of zinc sulphate and borax at pre flowering stage replicated three times as T₁: Control (distilled water), T₂: ZnSO₄ @ 0.5%, T₃: ZnSO₄@ 1.0%, T₄: Borax @ 0.5%, T₅: Borax @ 1.0%, T₆: ZnSO₄@ 0.5% + Borax @ 0.5%, T₇: ZnSO₄@ 0.5% + Borax @ 1.0%, T₈: ZnSO₄@ 1.0% + Borax @ 0.5% and T₉: ZnSO₄@ 1.0% + Borax @ 1.0% in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The sprays were done in three cycles at 15 days interval starting from end of the November, keeping 3 days gap between zinc sulphate and borax spray in combination treatments. Minimum days to panicle emergence and flowering, maximum panicle length and different types of branches panicle^-1 were recorded under ZnSO₄@ 1.0% + Borax @ 0.5% spray. In conclusion, ZnSO₄@ 1.0% + Borax @ 0.5% treatment can be used as pre flowering spray for early flowering with better growth of panicles of mango (cv. Amrapali).

How to Cite

Deb, P., Reza, S., 2023. Pre-Flowering Sprays of Zinc and Boron Influenced Panicle Emergence and Panicle Growth of Amrapali Mango. Research Biotica 5(2), 79-84. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/79-84.

Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Production: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Northeast Himalayan Region

K.S. Thingreingam Irenaeus — Mon, 05 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST

Numerous horticulture crops, both well-known and less well-known underutilized fruit crops native to this region, are grown in abundance in the north-eastern Himalayan region. If grown to their full capacity, these crops will produce significant revenue and contribute to the local economy. There is however, a decrease in their availability even before being fully exploited due to losses resulting from many factors including climate change and related variability. The primary consequence of climate change, among many others, is the changes in the agro-ecological region that are observable in some places where there is the replacement of native fruits, many of which originated at higher elevations, with low chilling-required fruits. In the Ukhrul district of Manipur (Northeast India), the abundance of many local temperate crops of the Prunus species such as peaches, plums, cherries, pears, bird cherry (Prunus nepalensis) and others like walnut, wild apple (Docynia indica), Pyrus pashia, Myrica spp., Rhus semialatus, Rubus spp., Eleagnus spp., Elaeocarpus floribundus, Spondias axillaris, etc. are reduced and being replaced by low chilling requiring crops like kiwi, avocado, low chilling apples (Anna, Golden Dorsett, HRMN 99) and area under these crops particularly kiwi is increasing. In household gardens at higher altitudes, tropical fruits like mango, banana and guava are now thriving; in the past, the harsh winter frosts made it impossible even for the seedlings to survive. Despite employing rootstocks that are more resistant to higher temperature, kiwi is replacing the apple-growing regions in the foothills of Bomdila and Dirang in Arunachal Pradesh, since the requisite quality is not achieved.

How to Cite

Irenaeus, K.S.T., Mitra, S.K., Bhattacharjee, T., et al., 2023. Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Production: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Northeast Himalayan Region. Research Biotica 5(2), 70-78. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/70-78.

Examining the Oral Preference on Hedonic Likings and Its Impacts on Sales and Pricing of Different Bamboo Shoots and Their Processed Forms in Arunachal Pradesh, India

Ch. Sadananda — Sat, 27 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

An investigation was made to understand the relationship between the sensory perception of residents of Arunachal Pradesh and their preference for bamboo shoots from the following species: Bambusa balcooa Roxb., Bambusa pallida Munro, Bambusa tulda Roxb., B. vulgaris Schrad. Ex J.C. Wendl, Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro, and Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold and Zucc., and their processed products namely Hidung, Eup and Ekung. Interviews were conducted among 250 participants who were given the freedom of choice to rate hedonic likings on Taste, Flavour and Texture. On this basis, an assessment was also carried out to establish the observed preferences and their influence on sales and prices of the food from the period of 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14. The strongest association, which affects the price and volume of sales of bamboo shoots as well as the processed forms, was found to be related in order of texture, followed by taste and flavour.

How to Cite

Sadananda, C., Singha, L.B., 2023. Examining the Oral Preference on Hedonic Likings and Its Impacts on Sales and Pricing of Different Bamboo Shoots and Their Processed Forms in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Research Biotica 5(2), 63-69. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/63-69.

Bacillus thuringiensis in Pest Management

Gothandaraman Rajadurai — Sat, 20 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely employed pest management biocontrol agent in the agriculture and forestry ecosystem. In nature, this gram-positive bacterium is found in soil that produces spore-crystal inclusion bodies. This gram-positive bacterium produces a broad spectrum of insecticidal proteins, which are found to be extremely toxic to different groups of insect pests. Bt toxin genes are very selective and specific to pests; they are not toxic to other than the target organisms such as human, animals, and birds, and they are safer for the environment. The Bt toxin is often employed in organic farming as an insecticide spray to manage insect pests. Additionally, it is one of the sources for the insecticidal genes deployed to genetically modify food crops so that they can naturally impart resistance against numerous insect pests.

How to Cite:

Rajadurai, G., Anandakumar, S., Raghu, R., 2023. Bacillus thuringiensis in Pest Management. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 11-13. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/11-13.

UAV Technology for Precision Weed Detection and Management

Bobilan Debbarma — Thu, 11 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

In India population increases rapidly day-by-day, therefore food demand also increases. Traditional farming is insufficient to meet these demands. Thus, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (drones) were introduced, enabling Weed Management in less time, efficient use of herbicide and pesticide to bring sustainability to the environment and their resources. One of the most detrimental biotic variables in agriculture, weeds significantly reduces yields across the globe. Weed patches from crop fields can be identified by using drone sensors. Drone camera sensors can optimize weed in relation to leaf density, chlorophyll concentration and other plant canopy characteristics. The article emphasizes weed detection and management by the use of potential sensors of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (drones) technology for better agriculture output.

How to Cite:

Debbarma, B., Saha, A., Teli, S., 2023. UAV Technology for Precision Weed Detection and Management. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 08-10. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/08-10.

Nanotechnology in Plant Disease Management

Dumpapenchala Vijayreddy — Sun, 07 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

The mesmerizing science of nanotechnology is the process of manipulating atoms and molecules to produce materials characterized by their minuscule dimensions, including nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. Despite being relatively new areas of study, nanoscience and nanotechnology are rapidly emerging as the forefront of research, continually generating the latest discoveries. Every year, nearly 20-40% crop losses occur mainly due to diseases and pests. The only method currently used to control plant diseases are toxic pesticides and fungicides, which pose risks to both the human well-being and the ecosystem. To reduce these problems the only needed solution is nanotechnology. It employs the use of nanoparticles synthesized by various methods. Plant diseases are managed effectively by using diverse nanoparticles, like silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The rapid detection of plant pathogens, the biosensor-based control of pests and diseases, soil management and other areas are all greatly impacted by nanotechnology.

How to Cite

Vijayreddy, D., Dutta, P., Puzari, K.R., 2023. Nanotechnology in Plant Disease Management. Research Biotica 5(2), 56-62. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/56-62.

Biological Control of Plant Parasitic-Nematodes by Plant Growth Promoting-Rhizobacteria

Selvaraj Anandakumar — Tue, 02 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

Plant growth promoting-rhizobacteria (PGPR) contributes a significant part in crop health improvement including pest management. It also protects plants from parasitic nematodes damage by exhibiting biocontrol activity besides improving the growth of plants by supplying nutrients, producing phytohormones and inducing modification of plants metabolisms. PGPR decreases or inhibits the hatching of nematode juveniles and suppresses the nematodes development and reproduction by exhibiting various mechanisms such as hyperparasitism, antibiotic synthesis or antibiosis, substrate competition, synthesis of lytic enzymes and induction of resistance in plants. Hence, PGPR could be an efficient biological protective agent that protects agricultural and horticultural crop plants from the infestation of parasitic nematodes.

How to Cite:

Anandakumar, S., Rajadurai, G., 2023. Biological Control of Plant Parasitic-Nematodes by Plant Growth Promoting-Rhizobacteria. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 05-07. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/05-07.

Climate Smart Weed Management Practices

Suhrid Teli — Tue, 25 Apr 2023 00:00:00 IST

Climate changes are rapidly occurring due to anthropogenic activities. Human activities contribute to global warming by increasing greenhouse gases which are the main factors of extreme climate change. This change increases competition between weeds and crops. Most troublesome weeds are responsive to grow with increasing CO₂ gas then crop. Also, high atmospheric temperature helps to reduce uptake of herbicide due to more diffusion and rapidly dry droplets. There is an inevitable need to study how changing climate conditions are affecting crop-weed competition, weed life and herbicide effectiveness in order to create adaptation and mitigation plans for changing climatic scenario. The overall objective of this article is to portray smart weed management approaches under climate change scenario resulting high productivity of crops and more returns for farmers alongwith an effective maintenance of the weeds.

How to Cite:

Teli, S., Saha, A., Debbarma, B., 2023. Climate Smart Weed Management Practices. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 03-04. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/03-04.

Understanding Socio-Economic Challenges Facing A2 Out-Grower Sugarcane Farmers in Zimbabwe: Case of Lowveld Area in Masvingo Province

Never Mafuse — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 IST

Production of sugarcane in the out grower farming community has been decreasing and remained well below the expected standards. This study sought to investigate the reasons contributing to decline in sugarcane production of out grower farmers in the Lowveld area of Zimbabwe. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the socio-economic factors affecting sugarcane production, to measure technical efficiency of the sugarcane farmers and to measure the costs and returns of sugarcane (profitability). A sample of farmers 100 was randomly selected and was interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Results from the study revealed that farm size, credit access, farming experience, age and extension contacts significantly affected sugar cane yield. The mean technical efficiency of the farmers was 0.69. 36% of the farmers have technical efficiency ranging from 0.7 to 0.75. Farmers selected for the study have average annual revenue of $ 5,652.5 ha^-1, variable costs of $ 5,320 ha^-1 giving them an average gross profit of $ 332.5 ha^-1. The research concluded that the farmers are technically efficient. It is recommended that, farmers should be linked to more extension agents and also to form cooperatives.

How to Cite

Mafuse, N., Timba, M., Emmanuael, Z., 2023. Understanding Socio-Economic Challenges Facing A2 Out-Grower Sugarcane Farmers in Zimbabwe: Case of Lowveld Area in Masvingo Province. Research Biotica 5(2), 49-55. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/49-55.

Roles of Hormone in Crop Production

Joy Kumar Dey — Sat, 15 Apr 2023 00:00:00 IST

The crop production of our country has increased manifold since the sixties by using improved agricultural technology like seeds, fertilizers, agricultural pesticides. At present, special importance is given to gene-technology, hybrid seeds and tissue culture, etc. for crop production. There is a limit to crop production through the use of agricultural technology. Increasing food production for a changing population is a difficult question for today's world. To cope up with such emerging problems use of hormones in crop production are showing very good results.

How to Cite:

Dey, J.K., Debbarma, A., Sarkar, S., 2023. Roles of Hormone in Crop Production. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 01-02. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/01-02.

Production and Culture Scenario of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) in India

Lakan Lal Meena — Thu, 30 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

India's Pangasianodon hypophthalmus catfish farming is on a steady rise, harnessing its abundant potential and extensive resources, which include vast land areas, specialized expertise and rich indigenous cultural knowledge. In the fiscal year 2020-2021, the nation achieved an impressive total fish production of 162.48 lakh tonnes, with the aquaculture sector playing a pivotal role by contributing 121.21 lakh tonnes to this remarkable figure. Noteworthy is the significant individual contribution of catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), accounting for 4.32 lakh tonnes. These statistics underscore the crucial and prominent role that catfish farming plays in driving India's thriving aquaculture industry. This article covers an overview of the current condition and features of striped catfish in India, as well as the breeding status and seed production methods and larvae rearing.

How to Cite

Meena, L.L., Murthy, H.S., Meena, D.K., et al., 2023. Production and Culture Scenario of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) in India. Research Biotica 5(1), 42-48. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/42-48.

Prosopis Pod Meal as an Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient

Chetan Kumar Garg — Sun, 26 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

The expanding human population raises the demand for nutritionally-rich food, and fish is the cheapest and best way to meet this requirement. Currently, the stagnation of capture fisheries encourages aquaculture as a means of providing quality proteins to a growing population. A successful aquaculture enterprise incurs a high expenditure of 50-60% on feed costs. Therefore, reducing feed costs by identifying alternative feed ingredients will improve the economic condition of the aquaculture business. Currently, the conventional ingredients used in aquafeed are becoming more expensive, raising the aquafeed's price and thus the overall cost of fish production. Hence, there is a need to transition to low-cost unconventional aquafeed ingredients, and Prosopis pod meal has excellent potential in this context. Prosopis pod meal has a high nutritional value, and it could be substituted conventional ingredients for instance corn meal, wheat flour, rice bran, etc., in aquafeed. This technical review comprises the scope and constraints of employing Prosopis pod meal as an ingredient in aquafeed.

How to Cite

Garg, C.K., Meena, D.K., 2023. Prosopis Pod Meal as an Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient. Research Biotica 5(1), 33-41. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/33-41.

Precision Irrigation Strategies for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Farming: Influence of Drip Lateral Geometry, Irrigation Regimes and Frequency on Crop Performance

D.D. Vadalia — Tue, 21 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

Rapid population growth and increasing living standards have led to a significant rise in water demand, resulting in severe water shortages. Effective water management has become crucial to address this issue. One approach is to adopt irrigation technologies and implement efficient irrigation scheduling to optimize limited water resources. The agricultural sector faces the challenge of producing more food with less water, which can be achieved by enhancing crop water productivity. Irrigation scheduling plays a vital role in determining the timing and quantity of water to be applied to crops, preventing over or under watering. Drip irrigation is increasingly utilized in this region due to its potential for improving water use efficiency and crop yields. Proper scheduling of drip irrigation is essential for efficient water management in crop production. Realizing the necessity, an experiment was conducted at Junagadh Agricultural University during year 2018-19, to study effect of drip lateral geometry (3 rows per lateral, 4 rows per lateral and 6 rows per lateral), irrigation regimes (1.0 ET_c and 0.8 ET_c) and irrigation frequency (2 days, 3 days and 5 days) on wheat. Each treatment was replicated twice. Results revealed that higher plant height (115.01 cm), number of productive tiller (480.50), number of grains spike^-1 (47), test weight (59.83 g) and highest grain yield (4,825 kg ha^-1) and straw yield (7,655 kg ha^-1) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 3 rows per lateral, scheduled at 0.8 ET_c and 2 days irrigation frequency.

How to Cite

Vadalia, D.D., Agravat, H.V., Prajapati, G.V., et al., 2023. Precision Irrigation Strategies for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Farming: Influence of Drip Lateral Geometry, Irrigation Regimes and Frequency on Crop Performance. Research Biotica 5(1), 27-32. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/27-32.

Field Evaluation of Different Pest Management Modules against Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) Infesting Brinjal in Tripura

Ardhendu Chakraborty — Sat, 11 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

A field experiment was carried out to assess various pest management strategies for controlling shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee.) in Brinjal during 2019-20 and 2020-21. Seven Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules were developed for use according to a calendar-based schedule and were compared to an untreated control in terms of their effectiveness in reducing shoot and fruit borer incidence. The results indicated that module M7 was superior to the untreated control (M8) as it resulted in lower percentages of shoot damage (10.63%), fruit damage on a number basis (12.34%), and fruit damage on a weight basis (11.44%), as well as higher yields. The optimal module (M7) comprised of the following components: (i) Soil incorporation of neem cake at a rate of 250 kg ha^-1 (50% during the last plough and 50% at 3 weeks after transplanting); (ii) Installation of pheromone traps at a rate of 5 acre^-1, beginning from flower bud initiation (45 days old crop) until final harvest, with lures changed on a monthly basis; (iii) Mechanical clipping of drooped shoots and removal of infested fruits from the field at weekly intervals; (iv) Release of multiple insecticide tolerant Trichogramma chilonis at a rate of 1.25 lakh ha^-1 at weekly intervals (4 times) from 30 days after planting (DAP); (v) Alternating spray of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC at a rate of 0.3 ml L^-1 and Novaluron 10% EC at a rate of 1.5 ml L^-1 at fortnightly intervals beginning from 70 DAT was found to be the best module for brinjal growers.

How to Cite

Chakraborty, A., Bhattacharya, S., Das, B., 2023. Field Evaluation of Different Pest Management Modules against Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) Infesting Brinjal in Tripura. Research Biotica 5(1), 21-26. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/21-26.

Sustainable Farming Practices: A Comprehensive Study on Rain Pipe Irrigation System Performance

D.G. Bhadarka — Thu, 02 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

Rain pipe irrigation has emerged as a promising solution for efficient water utilization and improved crop yields at a lower cost compared to traditional irrigation systems. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the hydraulic performance of rain pipes with different lengths (30 m and 45 m) and spacing (4 m and 5 m), operated at various pressures (1 kg cm^-2, 1.25 kg cm^-2 and 1.50 kg cm^-2) using a 7.5 hp pumping system. Key parameters such as distribution uniformity, uniformity coefficient, mean application rate and coefficient of variation were measured. The results indicated that the rain pipe system achieved optimal performance when operated at an operating pressure of 1.50 kg cm^-2, with a rain pipe length of 30 m and a spacing of 4 m. This configuration resulted in the highest uniformity coefficient (87.83%), distribution uniformity (76.29%) and mean application rate (6.81 cm h^-1). Additionally, the maximum discharge per meter length of rain pipe and the maximum coverage width of one rain pipe were attained with a 30 m length operated at 1.5 kg cm^-2. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of rain pipe irrigation when employing an operating pressure of 1.5 kg cm^-2, a rain pipe length of 30 m and a spacing of 4 m. The study highlights the suitability of rain pipe irrigation as a cost-effective and efficient alternative for water management in Indian agriculture. By optimizing the operating pressure, rain pipe length and spacing, farmers can enhance water use efficiency and improve crop productivity, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices in the face of limited water resources.

How to Cite

Bhadarka, D.G., Gohil, S.M., Gaadhe, A.N., et al., 2023. Sustainable Farming Practices: A Comprehensive Study on Rain Pipe Irrigation System Performance. Research Biotica 5(1), 16-20. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/16-20.

Emerging Importance of Sustainable Feed Ingredients as a Substitution of Traditional Fish Meal in Fish Feed Production: An Essential Step for Sustainable Aquaculture

Sourabh Debbarma — Sat, 11 Feb 2023 00:00:00 IST

Recently, in the agricultural allied industry, aquaculture has had the fastest growth. For this, the aquafeeds played a major role in fish culture. Fishmeal is a crucial ingredient in the manufacture of commercial fish diets, yet, securing a consistent supply of conventional fishmeal might be challenging. Feed ingredients have an impact on both fish as well on the environment, as it is required to evaluate different feed materials, whether it is an alternative for traditional fish meal or not but it should be effective on growth as well as having less impact on the environment. A good source of proteins for aquafeeds as an alternative to traditional fishmeal can be replaced by plant-based (Soybean meal, vegetable oil, etc.), animal-based (Earthworm meal, blood meal, etc.), insect-based (Black soldier fly meal, maggot meal, etc.) and low-value trash fishes (Families includes Carangidae, Engraulidae, Leiognathidae etc.) as sustainable candidates which are higher in protein content, bioactive compounds, better digestibility with fiber, low heavy metals, low feed conversion ratio and cost-effective for fish feed production. This review paper will look at the potential use of sustainable fish feed ingredients for the production of aquaculture feed.

How to Cite

Debbarma, S., Devi, N.C., Yirang, Y., et al., 2023. Emerging Importance of Sustainable Feed Ingredients as a Substitution of Traditional Fish Meal in Fish Feed Production: An Essential Step for Sustainable Aquaculture. Research Biotica 5(1), 11-15. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/11-15.

Conservation of Natural Habitat for Sustaining Indigenous Ornamental Fish Stock: Prime Need of the Hour amidst Development and Industrialization

Banlam J. Marbaniang — Sat, 28 Jan 2023 00:00:00 IST

The rapidly increasing developmental activities around the globe are ultimately compromising with the existence of rich biodiversity in the ecosystem. Development at any cost should never affect the flora and fauna of a particular geographical location adversely. Wild fish stocks are getting depleted due to the anthropogenic activities carried out by man which disrupts their natural habitat, feeding and breeding grounds due to the output and waste generated from them which proves to be detrimental to the fish biodiversity. Moreover, 85% of ornamental fish according to studies, are caught from the wild for marketing purposes and if the natural habitat remains the sole source of exploitation, sooner or later the stock may get completely vanished. In order to sustain and maintain a healthy and rich environment, the organisms dwelling in it should not be stressed in any way so that they can normally thrive and enhance its population to conserve the environment because for centuries they have co-existed with that environment through which a positive mutual correlation has been created which is necessary to achieve the goal of a healthy and rich diversity. Therefore, necessary and concrete measures and strategies such as standardization of captive breeding techniques, ranching, regulatory measures etc. should be devised and implemented to achieve the said goal.

How to Cite

Marbaniang, B.J., Dhar, V., Malla, S., et al., 2023. Conservation of Natural Habitat for Sustaining Indigenous Ornamental Fish Stock: Prime Need of the Hour amidst Development and Industrialization. Research Biotica 5(1), 07-10. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/07-10.

Best Management Practises (BMPs): A Sustainable Step for Future Global Food Security

Supratim Malla — Tue, 17 Jan 2023 00:00:00 IST

Aquaculture is the practise of raising fish or shellfish primarily for human consumption. It includes constant engagement with the environment because it is done in ponds, cages, or open water bodies. If it is done so in a way that is both socially and environmentally appropriate, aquaculture can be a sustainable activity. The term "sustainable aquaculture" is related to an aquaculture production system that is considerate of the local human and social environment, utilises renewable resources to the greatest extent possible, provides animals with living conditions that are as close as possible to those of their native habitat, and uses recycled materials. The Best Management Practises (BMPs) can be used to achieve sustainability. BMPs include things like following the law, being socially responsible, choosing appropriate sites for farms, building them well, and using the best practises for farm management throughout the process, everything from pond layout to harvesting and after harvesting management measures. Adopting BMPs would result in increased output, productivity, and profitability as well as obligations to the environment and society.

How to Cite

Malla, S., Debbarma, S., Dekari, D., et al., 2023. Best Management Practises (BMPs): A Sustainable Step for Future Global Food Security. Research Biotica 5(1), 01-06. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/01-06.

Optimal Date of Mulberry Pruning and Silkworm Rearing for Improvement of Quality and Yield Potential of Mulberry Foliage and Silk Cocoons in Lower-Gangetic Region

Suresh, K. — Thu, 08 Dec 2022 00:00:00 IST

Mulberry sericulture is an alternative farm-based livelihood activity and is practiced in various climatic conditions. A field and rearing experiment was conducted to evaluate the mulberry variety S-1635 for leaf and silk cocoon productivity under alternative pruning and rearing schedule during autumn 2019 and spring 2020 seasons. The leaf moisture content, leaf fall at harvest, primary shoots plant^-1, longest shoot length, total shoots length and leaf yield plant^-1 was significantly higher in new pruning schedule in both the season. The new mulberry crop schedule recorded higher leaf productivity to a tune of 12% in autumn and double in comparison to existing schedule practiced by farmers. The role of optimal weather and period of crop growth had a greater impact on leaf yield during autumn and spring crops, respectively. Most of the reeling cocoon and silk parameters obtained from fed leaves differed significantly with pruning schedules in both the seasons. Effective rate of rearing and weight was significantly higher in new pruning schedule while single cocoon weight was higher in existing schedule. The new silkworm rearing schedule recorded 10-12% higher cocoon yield in both Agrahayani (75.67 kg) and Falguni (62.08 kg) crops compared to existing crop schedule. The investigation revealed that delaying the mulberry pruning and silkworm rearing date by two weeks effectively increased both leaf and cocoon output. The new mulberry sericulture crop schedules will be a climate change adaptation strategy to maintain production potential in the lower-gangetic region.

How to Cite

Suresh, K., Manjappa., Umesh, D.K., et al., 2022. Optimal Date of Mulberry Pruning and Silkworm Rearing for Improvement of Quality and Yield Potential of Mulberry Foliage and Silk Cocoons in Lower-Gangetic Region. Research Biotica 4(4), 185-190. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/185-190.

In-vivo Evaluation of Agro-Waste based Formulations of Yellow Pigment Producing Actinobacteria against Mulberry Root Rot Pathogens

M. Saratha — Thu, 10 Nov 2022 00:00:00 IST

Mulberry is a multipurpose deciduous tree mainly cultivated for silk cocoon production. The continuous cultivation focusing on high yield made the crop prone to various diseases, especially root rot. To evade the detrimental effects of agrochemicals on sensitive silkworms and environment, the importance was given to bio-control approach. In the present study, four bio-formulations of the actinobacterial isolate NM5 (Streptomyces parvulus) were prepared using three carriers: talc, rice husk ash and spent silkworm pupal powder. From the in-vivo study against combined inoculation of root rot pathogens, the lowest incidence of disease symptoms including wilting (25.45%) and rotting (20.91%) was observed in APNM5 (rice husk ash: silkworm pupal powder- 1:1 ratio) treated plants which scored as mild to moderate infection. Untreated control was stunted with chlorotic leaves that defoliated prematurely with severe infection (76.25% wilting and 82.80% rotting).

Moreover, in all NM5 treated saplings, as a result of defense action rotten root portions were stimulated to develop new healthy rigid roots. Biometric observations showed formulations had positive effect on plant growth parameters even in the presence of pathogens including higher leaf numbers (27.5), enhanced leaf area (67.96 cm²) and yield (6 g plant^-1), shoot length (44.56 cm) and weight 25.50 g plant^-1), root length (33.67 cm), root weight (2.17 g plant^-1), root: shoot ratio (0.08) than uninoculated saplings. Therefore, both the performance of potential isolate and effective utilization of agro-waste were enhanced by the nutrient based APNM5 bioformulation in an eco-friendly way.

How to Cite

Saratha, M., Angappan, K., Karthikeyan, S., et al., 2022. In-vivo Evaluation of Agro-Waste based Formulations of Yellow Pigment Producing Actinobacteria against Mulberry Root Rot Pathogens. Research Biotica 4(4), 179-184. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/179-184.

Response of Black Gram Crop to Rhizobacteria

A. Saha — Wed, 26 Oct 2022 00:00:00 IST

Field experiments were conducted during summer seasons in two consecutive years (2020-21 and 2021-22) at Experimental Farm of College of Agriculture, Tripura to find out the best Rhizobacteria inoculants for stimulation of nodulation and increasing yield of blackgram crop. From the findings of two years’ experiment, it can be noted that inoculation of Rhizobium significantly increased the number and dry mass of nodules (32.8 plant^-1 and 35.8 mg plant^-1 at 30 DAS), plant dry mass (26.8 g plant^-1) and grain yield (861.3 kg ha^-1) of black gram. Azotobacter chroococcum alone and with Rhizobium numerically favoured the nodulation (29.6 and 34.2 plant^-1 respectively) in black gram. Rhizobium + A. chroococcum treatment produced significantly more plant dry mass (29.6 g plant^-1) and grain yield (930.6 kg ha^-1) of black gram over the uninoculated control (23.2 g plant^-1 and 747.9 kg ha^-1 respectively) and Rhizobium alone, respectively. Bacillus sp. in conjunction with Rhizobium were statistically comparable to Rhizobium alone inoculation in respect of nodule mass and grain yield. All the three inoculants together gave the 890.3 kg ha^-1 black gram yield which was statistically comparable to Rhizobium + A. chroococcum in black gram. So, from the results of experiment, it can be concluded that dual inoculation of black gram seeds with Rhizobium + A. chroococcum promotes significant nodulation of black gram crop with in turn increases the plant biomass and seed yield of summer blackgram crop.

How to Cite

Saha, A., Biswas, S., Lodh, P., 2022. Response of Black Gram Crop to Rhizobacteria. Research Biotica 4(4), 176-178. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/176-178.

Price Setting Behavior and Causal Relationships among Major Bivoltine Cocoon Markets in India: An Econometric Analysis

G.R. Halagundegowda — Sat, 15 Oct 2022 00:00:00 IST

The present study empirically examines the dynamic interrelationships among the prices of major cocoons markets viz. Ramanagaram (Karnataka), Sidlaghatta (Karnataka), Hindupura (Andra Pradesh) and Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu) in terms of market integration. The monthly average prices of bivoltine mulberry cocoons for a period between April 2009 and February 2021 were considered for the present study. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) (tau) test indicated that all the price series were non-stationary at level, but were stationary after first difference. The Johansen's multivariate cointegration procedure revealed existence of cointegration among the prices of cocoon markets. The Vector Error Correction Models (VECM) revealed a long run price causality running from Ramanagaram market to all other markets considered under study. The Granger causality test indicated a unidirectional causality running from Ramanagaram market to all markets and not vice versa. The prices prevailed in Ramanagaram market controlled and decided the current prices of bivoltine cocoons both in long run and short run in all other markets considered for the study.

How to Cite

Halagundegowda, G.R., Kumaresan, P., Manjunatha, G.R., et al., 2022. Price Setting Behavior and Causal Relationships among Major Bivoltine Cocoon Markets in India: An Econometric Analysis. Research Biotica 4(4), 169-175. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/169-175.

Determination of Chlorantraniliprole Residue in Soil by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Paramasivam, M. — Fri, 07 Oct 2022 00:00:00 IST

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole residues in soil. The soil samples were extracted with acetonitrile and dispersive solid phase extraction clean up. The average recoveries of chlorantraniliprole were in the range of 94.10-96.82% with reproducibility and repeatability was ranged between 0.17 to 1.90 and 0.97 to 1.22%, respectively. The limit of quantification of the analytical method was 0.01 μg g^-1 and the matrix effect was less than 1%.

How to Cite

Paramasivam, M., 2022. Determination of Chlorantraniliprole Residue in Soil by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Research Biotica 4(4), 166-168. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/166-168.

Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Approach in Mulberry Sericulture of Jammu & Kashmir

Irfan Illahi — Thu, 29 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST

Jammu and Kashmir is one of the traditional sericultural states of India, produces 735 MT of cocoons which is converted into 98 MT of raw silk. Spring is the major silkworm rearing season of J&K when fresh mulberry leaf is available for rearing the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The food plant of silkworm, mulberry is affected by various insect pests viz., Glyphodes pyloalis, Spilosoma oblique, Amsacta lactinea, Hemerophilla atrilineata etc., and diseases like leaf spot and powdery mildew. In integrated pest and disease management of mulberry various factors such as cultural, mechanical, biological and bio-pesticides management practices have been adopted to control the pests as well as the diseases of mulberry. The major diseases are powdery mildew and leaf spot which affect the foliage of the mulberry plant thereby reducing the quality and quantity of the silkworm feed. The present study was conducted to identify the suitable IPDM approach to manage pest and diseases in mulberry sericulture of Jammu & Kashmir. Results showed that the impact of IPDM the incidence of insect pest to an extent of 43.66% and 48.82% by leaf Webber and semilooper respectively. Leaf spot and powdery mildew disease of mulberry was also reduced up to 39.56% and 49.92% respectively. By adopting 100% IPDM module cocoon yield was increased up to 4 kg 100 disease free laying (dfl).

How to Cite

Illahi, I., Mittal, V., Sharmila, K.K., 2022. Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Approach in Mulberry Sericulture of Jammu & Kashmir. Research Biotica 4(3), 161-165. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/161-165.

Time Series Analysis of Monthly Coffee (Robusta) Prices in India using Box-Jenkins Approach

Prema Borkar — Wed, 21 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST

Robusta coffee is a type of coffee made from the Coffea canephora plant's beans (seeds). It is the world's second most popular coffee, accounting for 43% of global coffee production with arabica constituting the remainder except for the 1.5% constituted by Coffea liberica. The purpose of this study is to focus on predicting monthly coffee prices in India by using the historic time series data. The objective of this paper is to fit an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model using Box-Jenkins approach. Numerous fields, including agricultural production, animal husbandry and dairy economics, stock price prediction, etc. depend heavily on forecasting. To choose the best model, Autoregressive (AR), Moving Average (MA), and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) processes was used to select the best model for monthly coffee prices in India. This paper discusses ARIMA (p, d, q) time series analysis and its components, ACF, PACF, Normalized BIC, Box-Ljung Q Statistics, and Residual analysis. According to the best fitted model i.e., ARIMA (0,2,1) monthly coffee prices in India is expected to increase to INR 89.35 kg^-1 in the month of November 2022. The outcomes are represented numerically and graphically.

How to Cite

Borkar, P., 2022. Time Series Analysis of Monthly Coffee (Robusta) Prices in India using Box-Jenkins Approach. Research Biotica 4(3), 156-160. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/156-160.

Effect on Growth and Economics of Vanaraja Poultry on Azolla Feed Supplementation

M.S. Baruah — Wed, 14 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST

A study was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, West Siang, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Arunachal Pradesh Centre, India for a period of 72 weeks, from January, 2021 to May, 2022 with 300 unsexed 4 weeks old brooded Vanaraja chicks which were provided to the farmers. The birds were randomly divided into five feeding trial groups (20 birds in each treatment group with 3 replications), namely TO₁ (birds were let out for foraging with no supplementation), TO₂ (basal diet), TO₃ (basal diet + 5% fresh Azolla), TO₄ (basal diet + 10% fresh Azolla) and TO₅ (basal diet + 15% fresh Azolla). Data on weekly body weight gain up to 20^th weeks showed no significant difference between Azolla fed groups and basal diet fed groups; whereas, number of egg production up to 72^nd weeks recorded as 62.4±3.4, 110.5±3.1, 116.2±3.2, 120.5±4.6 and 128.2±4.8 in TO₁, TO₂, TO₃, TO₄ and TO₅ respectively. Economic efficiency of Azolla fed birds showed higher economic returns in terms of benefit cost ratio in group TO₅ (4.42) than that of basal diet (3.04) and group where birds were let out for foraging (2.59).

How to Cite

Baruah, M.S., Kalita, H., 2022. Effect on Growth and Economics of Vanaraja Poultry on Azolla Feed Supplementation. Research Biotica 4(3), 150-155. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/150-155.

Effect of Seed Treatment Chemicals on Pod Damage in Groundnut

C. Vijayaraghavan — Mon, 05 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST

Field experiments have been formulated to minimise the groundnut pod damage by seed treatments and soil drenching. The pooled data revealed that Seed treatment with clothionidin 50 WDG @ 2 g kg^-1 recorded 12.24% pod damage during peg formation stage. During maturity stage, seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 2 ml kg^-1 + soil drenching with chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 8 ml per 10 L of water at 60 DAS recorded 15.11% pod damage and the imidacloprid seed treatment with soil drenching of imidacloprid 17.8 SL, chlorpyriphos 20 EC and imidacloprid 40% + fipronil 40% (80 WG) were on par with each other. Highest pod yield (1,475 kg ha^-1) and haulm (2,958 kg ha^-1) with 17.22 ICBR was observed in imidacloprid seed treatment with soil drenching of imidacloprid 17.8 SL. Untreated control recorded 23.97% pod damage with 971 kg pod and 1,975 kg haulm.

How to Cite

Vijayaraghavan, C., Pandiyan, M., 2022. Effect of Seed Treatment Chemicals on Pod Damage in Groundnut. Research Biotica 4(3), 146-149. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/146-149.

Evaluation of Botanical Soaps for the Management of Pigeonpea Insect Pests

Zadda Kavitha — Wed, 31 Aug 2022 00:00:00 IST

A two year consecutive trial was conducted during kharif 2014-15 and kharif 2015-16 to evaluate neem and pungam soaps @ 10 g l^-1 in alone and in combination with indoxacarb (0.5 ml l^-1). First spray was given during flowering and second spray was given after fifteen days of the first spray. In both the field trials, neem soap followed by indoxacarb was effective against pigeonpea pod damaging insects followed by pungam soap and indoxacarb. During kharif 2014-15, two sprays of neem soap was on par in efficacy with pungam soap followed by indoxacarb against H. armigera and M. vitrata. When the damage of the pod damaging insects in botanical sprays alone treatments and untreated control was compared, these treatments were effective and good control was achieved. During kharif 2015-16, two sprays of neem soap was on par with NSKE followed by indoxacarb and pungam soap followed by indoxacarb in reducing the damage of H. armigera. In case of M. vitrata, two sprays of neem soap and two sprays of NSKE recorded 50.4 and 44.9% reduction over control and were on par with NSKE followed by indoxacarb in effectiveness. Against plume moth, two sprays of neem soap (4.3% damage) and two sprays of NSKE (5% damage) were on par with pungam soap followed by indoxacarb (4.7% damage).

How to Cite

Kavitha, Z., Vijayaraghavan, C., 2022. Evaluation of Botanical Soaps for the Management of Pigeonpea Insect Pests. Research Biotica 4(3), 139-145. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/139-145.

Decadal Shift in Fish Landings and Catch Composition in Brahmaputra River, Assam, India

Anil Kumar Yadav — Thu, 25 Aug 2022 00:00:00 IST

Analysis of long-term (1987-2019) fish landing data showed that an average 191.93 t year^-1 of fish landed at Uzanbazar (Guwahati) landing center of River Brahmaputra. The total landings registered peak landings of 471.8 t in 2002 and thereafter it declined to the lowest levels of 84.06 t in 2016. Fish landings suffered changes in the qualitative and quantitative aspects of River Brahmaputra fishery in Assam. Whereas average total landings during last decade declined by almost 60% as compared to the average landings of 234.97 t year^-1 in the previous two decades (1987-2009), the contribution of Indian major carps (IMC) and minor carps towards total landings declined from 17.54% and 35.11% during 1987-2009 to only 4.86% and 8.94%, respectively during 2010-2019. Miscellaneous fishes group emerged as dominant group contributing 58.28% of the average landings in last decade (54.30 t year^-1) compared to 69.38 t year^-1 during 1987-2009. Average landing of catfishes also decreased from 26.96 t year^-1 in 1987-2009 to 19.77 t year^-1 in 2010-2019, but percentage contribution increased from 11.47% to 21.28% over decades. Similarly, average landings of Hilsa declined from 8.24 t year^-1 to 3.42 t year^-1 but percentage contribution remained unchanged over the period. Such changes can be partly ascribed to climate change, habitat modification, over exploitation and other anthropogenic causes. The sharp decline in IMC landings as well as changes in landing composition from the river due to these alterations in the last decade is directly affecting the livelihood of the fishermen community.

How to Cite

Yadav, A.K., Borah, S., Bhattacharjya, B.K., et al., 2022. Decadal Shift in Fish Landings and Catch Composition in Brahmaputra River, Assam, India. Research Biotica 4(3), 132-138. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/132-138.

Strategies for Sustainable Utilization of Openwater Fisheries Resources of Meghalaya: A Way Forward

Pronob Das — Sun, 14 Aug 2022 00:00:00 IST

The Northeast Indian state of Meghalaya with its vast inland fishery resources in the form of rivers (5,600 km), floodplain wetlands (500 ha), reservoirs (650 ha), lakes (50 ha) and ponds (0.02 lakh ha) offers tremendous scope for developing its fisheries sector, but lags behind in harnessing the potential. The state is deficient in fish production; it depends on additional fish supplied from Andhra Pradesh and other neighbouring states to fulfil its demand. There is an urgent need to increase fish production from available resources to fill the gap. To increase fish production, there is a need to utilize openwater fisheries resources of the state in a sustainable manner besides pond aquaculture. Sustainable development requires necessary initiatives in right direction at the right time with appropriate technological interventions. Right direction can result in holistic fisheries development based on proper planning taking into account contribution from all fisheries resources. Implementation of strategies in time with indicators of development can be worked out with proper planning. Strategies to prioritize the developmental work with realistic targets and guidance to achieve the goals are also required. Strategies also clearly depict priority action to be taken on immediate, medium term and long term basis along with milestones to track the progress and to achieve the goal. In this paper, we discuss strategies for sustainable enhancement of fish production from open water fisheries of Meghalaya based on the present scenario along with required infrastructural and human resources development with a realistic approach.

How to Cite

Das, P., Bhattacharjya, B.K., Das, B.K., 2022. Strategies for Sustainable Utilization of Openwater Fisheries Resources of Meghalaya: A Way Forward. Research Biotica 4(3), 124-131. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/124-131.

The Physio-Morphic Characters of Different Okra Germplasm and their Relationship with the Population Dynamics of Okra Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)

K.P. Manju — Tue, 09 Aug 2022 00:00:00 IST

The reactions of twenty five (25) accessions of okra were evaluated under field conditions against Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula. The experiment was conducted at NBPGR, regional station Hyderabad. Among twenty five germplasm (25) screened against the okra leafhopper, IC344596 recorded significantly lowest leafhopper population which was followed by RJR-124, PSRJ12952, NIC 9402 and IC433667. PSRJ 13040 and RJR-193 recorded high population of leafhopper. RJR-124, PSRJ12952 and IC344596 recorded significantly highest number of trichomes of 57.00, 47.67 and 42.33 trichomes m^-2, respectively. RJR-193 and PSRJ 13040 recorded significantly less number of trichomes (10.33 m^-2). Correlation between okra leafhopper and the various yield and growth parameters of okra accessions revealed highly significant and negative correlation for yield, number of pods and significant positive correlation with plant height while non-significant correlation recorded with pod length.

How to Cite

Manju, K.P., 2022. The Physio-Morphic Characters of Different Okra Germplasm and their Relationship with the Population Dynamics of Okra Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida). Research Biotica 4(3), 119-123. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/119-123.

A Study on Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Associated Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Roshani Singh — Sun, 31 Jul 2022 00:00:00 IST

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world's most important cereal grain which contains carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and significant amounts of vitamins. A study was conducted in Augmented Block Design with 105 genotypes of bread wheat with four checks (HD-2967, DBW-222, DBW-107, and HD-2733) for estimation of means, range, correlations and path-coefficient. A wide range of variations were observed for different characters under study. The genotype RAJ-4549 (16.35), UP-3056 (15.78), DBW-344 (15.78), produced highest grain yield plant^-1 followed by NW-8076 (15.36) and NW-8019 (15.14). In case of correlation study, grain yield plant^-1 had a highly significant and positive correlation with tillers plant^-1, biological yield plant^-1, peduncle length and spike length; whereas a non-significant negative correlation was found with days to 50% flowering, plant height and days to maturity. In path coefficient analysis, major positive direct effect on grain yield plant^-1 was exerted by biological yield plant^-1, followed by harvest-index, number of grain spike^-1, peduncle length, number of tillers plant^-1, test weight, days to 50% flowering and spike length. Tillers plant^-1 and peduncle length exhibited high order positive indirect effects on grain yield plant^-1 via biological yield (0.87) and (0.69) respectively. The characters showing highly significant positive correlation among yield and its components can be further validated and if consistent performance is found in future study; emphasis should be given to those characters while developing high yielding varieties.

How to Cite

Singh, R., Singh, V., Dwivedi, A., et al., 2022. A Study on Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Associated Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Research Biotica 4(3), 113-118. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/113-118.

Advances in Indian Floriculture with Focus on the North-East Region

Mausum Kumar Nath — Tue, 26 Jul 2022 00:00:00 IST

Floriculture is a remunerative and highly competitive industry. In India, floriculture is emerging as an important economic activity and foreign exchange earner. The advances in Indian floriculture sector have been brought about by the application of various technologies like vertical gardening, aeroponics, hydroponics, plasticulture, etc. The North Eastern region of the country has for long been recognized as nature’s gift to the country in view of the wealth of ornamental plants. High value flower production in protected poly and green houses are being encouraged for entrepreneurial development in the region. Current study reveals the research works and projects executed by the institutes and development centres that have led to the overall floriculture development in the region thus exploiting its potentiality.

How to Cite

Nath, M.K., Datta, H.S., 2022. Advances in Indian Floriculture with Focus on the North-East Region. Research Biotica 4(3), 108-112. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/108-112.

Use of Social Media in Enhancing Farmer’s Satisfaction Level on Agricultural Extension Services: A Case Study of Farmers Club in Thoubal District, Manipur

Salam Prabin Singh — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 IST

Social media has become universal and practically inescapable, revolutionizing the way farmers communicate, interact and socialize; and has become an integral part of their social education through expressing opinion on varied issues. The agriculture sector is embracing social media and utilising it to increase knowledges of the farming and cropping management as well as interacting with others like agricultural professionals, Scientists, Subject Experts including research scholars. Social media tools can be viewed as social communication technologies in which opportunities of farmers’ feedback, interaction, and networking are much higher than other forms of extension information delivery. Besides all these opportunities provided by the social media, the farmers’ satisfaction level is also an important measures in dissemination of the information specially for agricultural extension and advisory services in order to improve the present communication system between farmers and the services provider. The present study sought to assess farmers’ satisfaction level towards agricultural extensions services by means of social media.

How to Cite

Singh, S.P., Zeshmarani, S., Singh, N.T., et al., 2022. Use of Social Media in Enhancing Farmer’s Satisfaction Level on Agricultural Extension Services: A Case Study of Farmers Club in Thoubal District, Manipur. Research Biotica 4(3), 102-107. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/102-107.

Plankton Composition in Relation to Physio-Chemical Parameters of Yamuna River at Three Different Cities of India

Sumit Kumar — Thu, 07 Jul 2022 00:00:00 IST

To evaluate plankton diversity in relation to physico-chemical parameters of the Yamuna river, the present study was conducted from March 2019 to February 2020. Three sites along the Yamuna River were chosen for regular sampling: Delhi (B₁), Mathura (B₂) and Agra (B₃). 11 species of phytoplankton and 9 species of zooplankton were recorded from site B₁ with a concentration of 15,517 individual L^-1. At site B₂ 14 species of phytoplankton and 5 species of zooplankton with a concentration of 15,329 individual L^-1was observed. At site B₃ a total 15 species of phytoplankton and 5 species of zooplankton were recorded with a concentration of 19,453 individual L^-1. The highest abundance of group Cynophyceae in phytoplankton and Rotifera in zooplankton was observed during the study period at sites B₁, B₂ and B₃. Physico-chemical parameters were found suitable for plankton growth at site B₃.

How to Cite

Kumar, S., Saxena, A., 2022. Plankton Composition in Relation to Physio-Chemical Parameters of Yamuna River at Three Different Cities of India. Research Biotica 4(3), 94-101. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/94-101.

Bio-Efficacy of Broflanilide 30 SC against Fall Army Worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on Corn

Lakshman Chandra Patel — Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

Chemical control is a common practice by the farmers to manage fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in corn since its invasion in India from 2018. Thus, the main purpose of the work was to evaluate for the first time the field efficacy of a recently introduced novel insecticide i.e., broflanilide against fall army worm (FAW) during winter 2019-20 and kharif 2020. Broflanilide 30 SC @ 60 ml ha^-1 resulted highest overall mean mortality (86.15 and 87.02%) in larval population of FAW over untreated control. It was significantly at par with its next lower dose of 50 ml ha^-1 (83.13 and 85.06%) followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (79.58 and 81.30%) and emamectin benzoate 5 SG (78.75 and 81.81%). Statistically at par remarkable lower damage and attack intensity with considerable higher yield occurred in broflanilide (60 and 50 ml ha^-1), chlorantraniliprole (200 ml ha^-1) and emamectin benzoate (300 g ha^-1). So, broflanilide @ 50-60 ml ha^-1 could be recommended as another alternative insecticide to manage S. frugiperda in corn.

How to Cite

Patel, L.C., Zaman, M.I., 2022. Bio-Efficacy of Broflanilide 30 SC against Fall Army Worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on Corn. Research Biotica 4(2), 86-93. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/86-93.

Comparison of Organic Fertilizer vs. Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Divya Tandon — Sun, 26 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

Chemical fertilizers have been utilized extensively over last five to six decades. They significantly contribute in damaging the ecosystem, including the soil properties and the health of the future generation. Organic farming is employed as a substitute to obtain better and healthier output. To increase output and replenish soil fertility without harming the environment or having any negative impacts on human health, organic fertilizers such as sawdust, cow dung and cow urine are used instead of chemical fertilizers. Nowadays, organic farming is widely practiced around the world. Efforts were made to study the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Experiment was conducted in pots with four treatments i.e., control (water and soil), organic (cow dung, cow urine, sawdust), inorganic (NPK) and mixture of organic and inorganic. The parameters observed were stem height, number of leaves and the length of leaves. Antimicrobial activity of cucumber leaves, seeds and cow urine was checked on different bacterial strains including E. coli, Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella sp. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to analyze the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenol and anthraquinone content in cucumber. In comparison to alternative treatments, organic cucumber cultivation produces higher growth rates. Cow urine was more effective against E. coli, moderate against Pseudomonas and resist against Salmonella. The seed extract of cucumber was more effective against Salmonella and less effective against E. coli. The leaf extract is more effective against Pseudomonas and less effective against E. coli. In cucumber leaves alkaloids, carbohydrate, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenol and anthraquinone content are present.

How to Cite

Tandon, D., Kumari, A., Sharma, A., et al., 2022. Comparison of Organic Fertilizer vs. Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Research Biotica 4(2), 82-85. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/82-85.

Effect of Antioxidants and Polyamines on Physical Parameters of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill) Fosberg] cv. Kalipatti

D. Naga Harshitha — Tue, 21 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

The present investigation was carried out at PG laboratory in College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. The experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The physical parameters like physiological loss in weight (PLW), number of days for ripening, firmness, ripening percentage, shelf life, and spoilage were estimated. PLW, firmness and spoilage were estimated at 3 days interval during ripening. The data on physical parameters showed that there was significant influence of post harvest application of antioxidants and polyamines on shelf-life of sapota. Fruits treated with BA @ 100 ppm (T₂) recorded lower PLW (17.76%), maximum number of days for ripening (8.50 days), and minimum spoilage where as shelf life (12.17 days) and firmness (1.95 kg cm^-2), were higher in BA @ 100 ppm (T₂) treated fruits during both the years and in pooled data respectively.

How to Cite

Harshitha, D.N., Rao, A.M., Joshi, V., 2022. Effect of Antioxidants and Polyamines on Physical Parameters of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill) Fosberg] cv. Kalipatti. Research Biotica 4(2), 74-81. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/74-81.

Determination of Growth-Stage-Specific Crop Coefficients (Kc) for Drip Irrigated Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Different Land Configurations

D.D. Vadalia — Thu, 16 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

Determination of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) during the crop growth is important for precise irrigation scheduling, sustainable development and environmentally sound water management. Development of a crop coefficient (K_c) can enhance ET_c estimations in relation to specific crop phenological development. An experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to determine growth stage specific K_c of wheat (GW-366) using drip irrigation under different land configurations (L₁: broad bed furrow and L₂: flat land) at different irrigation levels (I₁: 1.0 ET_c and I₂: 0.8 ET_c). Soil moisture sensors were utilized to estimate Actual crop evapotranspiration. Results revealed that adjusted FAO K_c predicts higher value than sensor-based K_c values under both land configurations. Broad bed furrow (BBF) land configuration observed lower K_c values compared to flat land configuration at all growth stages of wheat. Sensor based K_c-ini,K_c-dev,K_c-mid and K_c-endvalues of BBF observed 0.21 (7.26%), 0.59 (13.78%), 1.00 (7.27%) and 0.29 (9.48%) and 0.20 (8.43%), 0.55 (13.04%), 0.91 (8.18%) and 0.26 (9.48%) lower than flat land configuration. Overestimated adjusted FAO-K_c values caused a loss 106.18 mm and 89.43 mm precious water for wheat under BBF and flat land respectively.

How to Cite

Vadalia, D.D., Prajapati, G.V., Parmar, S.H., et al., 2022. Determination of Growth-Stage-Specific Crop Coefficients (K_c) for Drip Irrigated Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Different Land Configurations. Research Biotica 4(2), 69-73. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/69-73.

Molecular Characterization and Validation of Micro-Satellite Markers Linked to Powdery Mildew Disease Resistance in Mini Core Germplasm of Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Kailash Chandra Samal — Sat, 11 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

Twenty-nine Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] genotypes, including four check varieties 'Prasad,' 'Ujala,' 'PU-31' and 'OBG-31' were evaluated in the experimental farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India, for two seasons to assess these genotypes against powdery mildew disease incidence and to estimate the extent of genetic divergence and character association employing molecular markers. For molecular diversity studies five molecular markers i.e., MB-SSR238, VrCsSTS1, CEDG191, VrCsSSR1, CEDG166 were evaluated on the Urdbean genotypes. The results showed the association of VrCsSTS1 marker with the powdery mildew resistance gene in different genetic backgrounds. The genotypes 'OBG-31', 'Ujala,' 'Prasad,' and 'Nayagarh-I local' were resistant to powdery mildew disease, which can be further used for breeding programs.

How to Cite

Samal, K.C., Ramakrishna, B., Sahoo, J.P., et al., 2022. Molecular Characterization and Validation of Micro-Satellite Markers Linked to Powdery Mildew Disease Resistance in Mini Core Germplasm of Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. Research Biotica 4(2), 62-68. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/62-68.

Effects of High Temperature Stress on Physiological and Yield Parameters of Mulberry Varieties

S. Ranjith Kumar — Mon, 06 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

High temperature causes alteration in physiological and yield parameters of mulberry plant. The present study was conducted to examine the tolerance/ susceptibility of five popularly cultivated mulberry varieties viz., V₁, G₂, G₄, MR₂ and S₃₆ exposed to high temperature stress. The varieties were maintained in Open Top Chambers (OTCs) at 40 ºC for two weeks. It is found that the variety V₁ was tolerant to high temperature stress followed by MR₂ and S₃₆. After 14 days of high temperature stress, significant differences were observed among the varieties for leaf yield per plant under control and stress conditions compared to control and 7^th day after stress. The variety G₂ and G₄ recorded highest reduction in Total Dry Matter Accumulation (TDMA) (55.60% and 55.96%) at 14^th day after stress. Whereas, the lowest reduction percent of TDMA was recorded in V₁ (23.06%) followed by MR₂ (30.80%) and S₃₆ (36.76%) compared over its control values at 14^th day after stress.

How to Cite

Kumar, S.R., Swathiga, G., Ramamoorthy, R., et al., 2022. Effects of High Temperature Stress on Physiological and Yield Parameters of Mulberry Varieties. Research Biotica 4(2), 58-61. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/58-61.

Site Specific NPK Requirements of Potato

Pranabjyoti Sarma — Sat, 28 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

The field experiments were conducted during the two successive winter seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the Vegetable Research Farm under the AICRP on Potato, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, CAU, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh to develop site specific NPK requirements of potato variety Kufri Jyoti on growth and yield attributes. The experiments included seven different treatments of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium percentage and were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Results showed that among the all the treatments maximum plant height was recorded in T₃ (150% RDF of NPK), maximum number of shoots per plant was observed in T₂ (50% RDF of NPK) and highest tuber yield was recorded (18.15 t ha^-1) in 150% RDF. Therefore, it was indicated that in both the years, the yield of potato greatly depend on the dose of fertilizers i.e., NPK application which influenced progressively in terms of producing highest tuber yield and net returns of the crop.

How to Cite

Sarma, P., Alice, A.K., Yatung, T., et al., 2022. Site Specific NPK Requirements of Potato. Research Biotica 4(2), 55-57. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/55-57.

Genetic Variability Analysis of M4-M5 Mutants of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Richa Bora — Wed, 25 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] is an important oilseed crop grown in India under diverse agro-ecological conditions in the temperate and subtropical regions during Rabi season. It fits well in the rainfed cropping system with low production cost and high potential to increase edible oil. Farmers in Assam grow rapeseed toria (Brassica rapa) due to its short duration but end up with low yield. Development of short-duration superior Indian mustard varieties is required to increase the average yield of rapeseed-mustard in Assam. Some Indian mustard genotypes were developed by induction of mutations at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. In the present study, 143 M₄ lines from the parent variety NRCHB-101 of Indian mustard developed through mutation breeding using gamma rays, were evaluated during Rabi 2020-21 followed by 116 M₅ selected lines during the Rabi 2021-22 to assess to genetic variability and interrelationships between yield component traits. Significant variation due to genotypes for the characters observed. Moderate genetic variation was observed for seed yield plant^-1, number of primary and secondary branches plant^-1. Moderate heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of siliquae in main shoot, number of primary branches, and number of secondary branches. The mutant lines JMM-NRCHB101-37, JMM-NRCHB101-57, JMM-NRCHB101-107 were found to be promising exhibiting superior performance for most of the yield attributing characters. The mutant line JMM-NRCHB101-86 and JMM-NRCHB101-95 also showed potentiality for early maturity with a high yield which could be exploited for the development of early maturing mustard varieties.

How to Cite

Bora, R., Hazarika, P., Jambhulkar, S.J., et al., 2022. Genetic Variability Analysis of M₄-M₅ Mutants of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Research Biotica 4(2), 51-54. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/51-54.

Proteomics of Cotton Fiber Development

A. Manivannan — Sat, 14 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

Cotton is one of the major sources for natural fiber with strong commercial relevance. Now a day, there is a substantial demand for the extra-long, strong and fine cotton fibres are the major choices of modern textile industry. The most efficient way to improve ﬁber quality is through breeding. However, it is a big challenge for cotton breeders to develop a cultivar having good ﬁber quality along with higher yield because a negative genetic correlation widely exists between quality and yield. However, complete draft genome sequence of cotton is now available, but functional genomic studies remain in their infancy, as this exhibit genetic constrains like recalcitrance and complex genome. Proteomics is an established complementary tool to genomics provides a powerful tool for functional analysis of cotton fiber productivity. In this review, a special emphasis is given to cotton fiber proteomics in response to fiber biogenesis, fiber quality and fiber colour that will give a better understanding for molecular basis of acquisition of fiber developmental mechanism. Various biological and molecular pathways that are mostly carried out and controlled by proteins guide this dynamic process of cotton fibre development. An integrating proteome data with genome information from cotton will provide exciting outcome for high quality fiber and yield to attain long-term goals of cotton sustainable production.

How to Cite

Manivannan, A., Cheeran, A.T., 2022. Proteomics of Cotton Fiber Development. Research Biotica 4(2), 47-50. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/47-50.

Assessment of Product Yield and Characteristics of Biocrude from Hydrothermal Liquefaction

R. Divyabharathi — Tue, 03 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

Biomass is a promising renewable energy source for fuel conversion. Hydrothermal liquefaction technology converts biomass into an energy-rich biofuel called biocrude which can potentially substitute fossil fuels. In this study, wet biomass namely water hyacinth, banana pseudostem, banana peduncle, wine waste and beer waste were investigated for biocrude production. The biomass macro molecules underwent anaerobic thermochemical disintegration to yield biocrude in the range of 7.3 to 16% at the hydrothermal liquefaction temperature and pressure of 275 ºC and 15 MPa respectively. Wine waste showed higher biocrude yield (16%) among the selected biomass materials with aqueous phase (63%) and char (3%) as by products. The recovered biocrude showed good quality fuel properties similar to diesel and bio-diesel with heating value of about 30 MJ kg^-1. GCMS and FTIR analyses proved the biocrude to be rich in aliphatic and aromatic fuel and chemical derivatives of alkenes, alcohols, ketones and amines which necessitate its potential to drop in advanced fuels and chemicals for supplementing conventional resources.

How to Cite

Divyabharathi, R., Subramanian, P., 2022. Assessment of Product Yield and Characteristics of Biocrude from Hydrothermal Liquefaction. Research Biotica 4(2), 42-46. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/42-46.

Rice Root Exudation: Signalling and Behavior of Shaping the DNRA Microbiome

Megha Kaviraj — Mon, 02 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

In natural ecosystems, plant health is mainly dependent on interactions with diverse and dynamic soil microbial communities. The microbial communities particularly those associated with nitrogen (N) cycling pathway inhabiting in rice field ecosystem have been described previously. Although, little is known about the taxonomic microbial players involved with dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), a short-circuit N retention pathway in terrestrial N cycle. Therefore, we have to focus on how rice plants shape DNRA bacteria and how they alter over the course of several rice growth stages. Besides, we also shed lights on rice root physiology and the role of root exudates to address plant physiological aspects that may influence plant-microbe interactions.

How to Cite

Kaviraj, M., Kumar, U., Chatterjee, S., 2022. Rice Root Exudation: Signalling and Behavior of Shaping the DNRA Microbiome. Research Biotica 4(2), 37-41. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/37-41.

Adaptability of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum to Different Temperature and pH Causing Stem-Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Jute

D. Mahato — Wed, 20 Apr 2022 00:00:00 IST

In order to ascertain the impact of physiological parameters like temperature and pH on growth and sporulation of M. phaseolina and F. oxysporum, causing stem-root rot and wilt diseases of jute, an experiment was conducted to examine. It was discovered that Fusarium oxysporum thrived at pH 5 (80.135 mg) while Macrophomina phaseolina grew best at neutral pH, or pH 7 (69.065 mg). M. phaseolina grows best at temperatures ranging from 35 °C to 30 °C, with no growth observed at lower temperatures. Fusarium oxysporum's growth peaked at 25 °C (90.00 mm), and it significantly decreased below 15 °C and above 40 °C. In response to changes in temperature, fungal development slows.

How to Cite

Mahato, D., 2022. Adaptability of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum to Different Temperature and pH Causing Stem-Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Jute. Research Biotica 4(2), 33-36. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/33-36.

Population Dynamics of Thrips Infesting Bt Cotton in Relation to Weather Factors

M. Amutha — Sun, 27 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST

Population dynamics of thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindemann and their correlation with weather factors were investigated during 2017 to 2019 at ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Tamil Nadu. The incidence of thrips was recorded from the 39^th SMW (Standard Meteorological Week) and peaked at 43^rd SMW with the range of 0.7 to 14.7 thrips leaf^-1 in 1^stseason (Kharif 2017-18). At the second season (Summer 2018), thrips incidence occurred at the 10^th SMW and thrips population peaked in the 14^th SMW and varied between 1.5 and 15.8 thrips leaf^-1. Thrips incidence started during the 39^th SMW during the third season (Kharif 2018-19). The thrips population peaked in the 42^nd SMW, ranging from 1.4 to 11.2 thrips leaf^-1. After reaching its peak, thrips population was constantly decreased. Correlation matrix revealed that thrips population correlated positively with minimum temperature, maximum temperature and relative humidity although there was a negative association with rainfall. These findings will be useful for evolving appropriate management practices for thrips.

How to Cite

Amutha, M., 2022. Population Dynamics of Thrips Infesting Bt Cotton in Relation to Weather Factors. Research Biotica 4(1), 29-32. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.1.2022/29-32.

Performance of Vanaraja vs. Kamrupa Birds under Backyard System

H.K. Bhattacharyya — Sat, 19 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST

The present study was conducted at farmer’s field to evaluate performance of Vanaraja and Kamrup crossbred poultry under backyard system. The day old chicks of both birds were kept in artificial brooding at the KVK farm complex to ensure uninterrupted power supply round the clock up to 1 month to reduce chick mortality. After one month, chicks were supplied to farmers of adopted villages to establish 28 numbers of units (one unit per household) with 14 numbers of birds unit^-1. Body weight gain at monthly interval upto 6 months of age and egg production parameters were taken accordingly. It was found that both Vanaraja and Kamrupa were found good by the farmers with slightly little edge of Vanaraja over Kamrupa. Depending on the observations, actions were taken by the KVK to popularize both the breeds equally in the district afterwards.

How to Cite

Bhattacharyya, H.K., Baruah, S., Sarma, S., et al., 2022. Performance of Vanaraja vs. Kamrupa Birds under Backyard System. Research Biotica 4(1), 26-28. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.1.2022/26-28.

Nutrient Concentrations and Their Total Uptake as Affected by Liquid Bio-Fertilizers in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Neelam Singh — Tue, 01 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST

A field experiment entitled “Nutrient concentrations and their total uptake as affected by liquid bio-fertilizers in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)" was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at research farm, COA, Gwalior on sandy clay loam soil to study the response of groundnut to chemical fertilizers and liquid bio-formulations. Four fertility levels viz., 25, 50, 75 and 100% RDF and three biofertilizer inoculation viz., no bio-formulations (B1), liquid Bio-NPK + Zn solubilizing bacteria (B2) and bio-grow (B3) to groundnut in 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice in split plot design. The yield and nutrient concentrations and their total uptake (N, P, K, Zn) was significantly highest with 100% RDF and liquid Bio-NPK + Zn solubilizing bacteria. However, their interaction had no significant influence on these parameters. But the highest values were observed when 100% RDF was applied in combination with liquid Bio-NPK + Zn solubilizing bacteria.

How to Cite

Singh, N., Joshi, E., Sasode, D.S., et al., 2022. Nutrient Concentrations and Their Total Uptake as Affected by Liquid Bio-Fertilizers in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Research Biotica 4(1), 21-25. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.1.2022/21-25.

Natural Farming - A Sustainable Ecological Approach

L.C. De — Sat, 05 Feb 2022 00:00:00 IST

Natural Farming is a chemical free traditional agro-ecology based diversified farming system which integrates crops, trees and livestock with functional biodiversity. Natural farming increases production, saves water, improves soil health and farmland ecosystems. It is considered as a cost effective farming practices with scope for raising employment and rural development. Types on natural farming includes Fertility farming, Organic Farming, Sustainable agriculture, Agro-ecology, Agroforestry, Ecoagriculture and Permaculture rely on principles of no tillage, no fertilizer, no pesticides or herbicides, no weeding and no pruning depending upon local climate and conditions.

How to Cite

De, L.C., 2022. Natural Farming - A Sustainable Ecological Approach. Research Biotica 4(1), 05-20. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.1.2022/05-20.

Soil Nutrient Dependency of Biochemical Pathways for Synthesis of Plant Compounds

Walton Sumner — Tue, 25 Jan 2022 00:00:00 IST

Micronutrient deficiency has been linked to various human diseases. Crops grown in mineral-depleted soils may have reduced food quality as measured by nutrient density because of any deficient minerals and a potential impaired ability to synthesize compounds essential to human health, including vitamins. Until recently, micronutrient density was not clearly understood and may have silently crept through the food chain, exacerbating various modern human diseases. We believe investigating the critical roles of soil micronutrients, especially magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in vitamin synthesis and function is urgently needed.

How to Cite

Sumner, W., Bardhan, S., 2022. Soil Nutrient Dependency of Biochemical Pathways for Synthesis of Plant Compounds. Research Biotica 4(1), 01-04. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.4.1.2022.01-04.