Source-Sink Signalling and Its Regulation in Plants

Shanmugapriya D. — Thu, 18 Jun 2026 00:00:00 IST

Growth and development in plants are regulated through a cascade of signalling processes operating between source and sink via carbohydrate uptake, allocation and partitioning. Overall productivity in plants is regulated by the interplay between activity of source and sink strength, mediated through intricate signalling pathways. The importance of source - sink balance becomes particularly evident when either process is disrupted. Various factors, including phytohormones, nutrient availability and environmental conditions, modulate sink strength and source activity. Crop yield depends not only on photosynthetic capacity at the source but also on the efficient transport of assimilates and the ability of sink organs to utilize and store these resources. Although considerable research has focused on enhancing photosynthesis, comparatively less attention has been given to improving assimilate transport and sink strength. Therefore, integrating molecular approaches with physiological strategies to manipulate source-sink relationships offers significant potential for increasing crop productivity and yield.

How to Cite

Shanmugapriya, D., Gopal, A., Siva, M., Devi, M., Santhoshinii, E., 2026. Source-sink signalling and its regulation in plants. Research Biotica 8(2), 58-65. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.2.2026/58-65.

Effect of Milling on Quality Attributes and Nutritional Security of Indigenous Rice Varieties of Assam

Mansi Tiwari — Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 IST

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of polishing on the quality attributes of the indigenous rice varieties of Assam namely Aghuni bora and Kajoli chakua. In the study procured paddy varieties were processed using standard protocols into unpolished, 5% polished and 10% polished forms. Standard analytical procedures were followed to evaluate the physical, chemical and sensory quality of the rice samples. Cooking characteristics of the rice varieties were also evaluated in terms of their water uptake ratio, grain elongation ratio and cooking time. Data obtained were analysed statistically to determine significant differences (p<0.05). The findings revealed a progressive reduction in kernel dimensions and mass. The Thousand kernel weight decreased from 19.62 to 15.64 g in Aghuni bora and from 20.68 to 15.22 g in Kajoli chakua. The Bulk density of the samples increased from 0.63 to 1.29 g ml^-1 in Aghuni bora and from 0.71 to 1.36 g ml^-1 in Kajoli chakua across polishing. The lightness value showed an increasing trend from 65.99 to 72.78 in Aghuni bora and from 65.40 to 69.81 in Kajoli chakua, while a^* and b^* values decreased, indicating a loss of natural pigmentation. An improvement in cooking quality in terms of water uptake ratio and a decrease in cooking time was evident from 16.00 to 10.12 min in Aghuni bora and from 17.33 to 9.80 min in Kajoli chakua. A significant reduction in protein, fat, crude fibre, ash and mineral contents with increased polishing were also observed. The study concludes that with milling up to 5.00%, an optimal balance could be achieved between nutritional retention, cooking efficiency, sensory acceptability and reduced processing losses.

How to Cite

Tiwari, M., Bordoloi, P.L., Barooah, M.S., 2026. Effect of milling on quality attributes and nutritional security of indigenous rice varieties of Assam. Research Biotica 8(2), 49-57. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.2.2026/49-57.

Assessment of Epicuticular Wax and Physiological Traits in Mulberry under Limited Input Conditions

Gayathri T. — Fri, 15 May 2026 00:00:00 IST

Mulberry (Morus spp.) leaf yield and quality is greatly influenced by various abiotic stresses. Among these, drought/moisture stress is the major limiting factor in mulberry for quality leaf production. Under water limited conditions, different physio-biochemical processes in the plants are altered and which inhibits the optimal growth and yield production in most of the crop plants. The biochemical constituents (proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, etc.) and leaf moisture content are the primary components of the leaf quality parameters. Leaf moisture and leaf moisture retention capacity are the two key factors contributing for the palatability and digestion of leaves by silkworms, which in turn support the healthy growth of the silkworms. Epicuticular wax on the leaf surface significantly contributes to the prevention of post-harvest water loss in mulberry leaves by increasing the moisture retention capacity (MRC). Hence, the present study focuses on the physiological evaluation of 20 germplasm accessions and 2 check varieties in field for epicuticular wax, moisture retention capacity (MRC) and chlorophylls under limited input conditions of irrigation (60% Field Capacity: FC) and fertilizers (60% RDF: Recommended Dose of Fertilizers) to select physiological adaptive traits and tolerant genotypes for sub-optimal conditions. Among the genotypes, MRC ranged from 50.63% to 76.33% and epicuticular wax varied from 2.13 µg cm^-2 to 11.46 µg cm^-2. Present study also indicated the high moisture retention capacity and epicuticular wax content in MI-0108, MI-0046, MI-0168, MI-0736, MI-0128 and MI-0577.

How to Cite

Gayathri, T., Manjugouda, I.P., Suresh, K., et al., 2026. Assessment of epicuticular wax and physiological traits in Mulberry under limited input conditions. Research Biotica 8(2), 43-47. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.2.2026/43-48.

Multi-Season Evaluation of ELS Bt Cotton Hybrids for Yield, Fibre Quality, Biotic Stresses and Genotype × Environment Interaction

K. Baghyalakshmi — Mon, 20 Apr 2026 00:00:00 IST

The major objective of extra-long staple (ELS) cotton breeding is development of high yielding H×B (G. hirsutum × G. barbadense) hybrids with stable performance in different environments. A study was conducted where seven H×B ELS cotton hybrids were evaluated with a commercial check for three consecutive years (2023-24, 2024-25 and 2025-26) to assess their stability in yield and quality traits. Various biometric and quality observations were recorded such as number of sympodia (NS), number of bolls (NB), single boll weight (SBW), seed cotton yield (SCY), ginning outturn (GOT), fibre length (FL), fibre strength (FS) and micronaire (Mic) and a significant variability was noted among the hybrids for all the traits. Among the evaluated hybrids, CH25 × CBL5 recorded the highest seed cotton yield (5,459.22 kg ha^-1), followed by CH4 × CBL6 (4,758.84 kg ha^-1) and MS4A × CBL4 (4,559.76 kg ha^-1). CH6 × CBL7 exhibited superior fibre quality with maximum fibre length (38.6 mm) and fibre strength (42.9 g tex^-1). PCA analysis revealed that PC₁ contributed 89.88% of the total variation. AMMI analysis indicated significant genotype × environment interaction effects and identified CH6 × CBL7 as a stable genotype across environments. Biotic stress screening revealed moderate resistance in most hybrids against sucking pests, whereas MS4A × CBL3 was susceptible. Disease screening identified CH25 × CBL5, CH4 × CBL6 and MS4A × CBL4 as tolerant entries against major diseases. Overall, CH25 × CBL5 and CH4 × CBL6 emerged as promising hybrids combining high seed cotton yield, desirable fibre quality and tolerance to major biotic stresses.

How to Cite

Baghyalakshmi, K., Sarathapriya, G., Amutha, M., et al., 2026. Multi-season evaluation of ELS Bt cotton hybrids for yield, fibre quality, biotic stresses and Genotype × Environment interaction. Research Biotica 8(2), 36-42. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.2.2026/36-42.

Biocontrol Potential and Mechanistic Basis of Bacillus velezensis in the Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (PPNs)

Siva M. — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 00:00:00 IST

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have emerged as a global threat to agriculture, resulting in severe crop losses. Previously, farmers relied on chemical nematicides for their control; however, their environmental and health risks have necessitated the search for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Bacillus velezensis is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) that has emerged as a promising biocontrol agent due to its multifaceted antagonistic strategies. This review consolidates evidence on its mechanisms underlying its mode of action, such as nematicidal metabolites and induced systemic resistance (ISR), alongside progress in formulation and field performance. By outlining both current successes and critical research gaps, this review aims to guide the development of practical B. velezensis-based strategies for sustainable agriculture.

How to Cite

Siva, M., Guha, A.A., Janani, M., Pragadeesh, A.R.U., 2026. Biocontrol potential and mechanistic basis of Bacillus velezensis in the management of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Research Biotica 8(1), 27-35. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.1.2026/27-35.

Management Approaches for Revitalizing Physically Degraded Soils

Arshdeep Singh Atwal — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 00:00:00 IST

Soil degradation is a serious environmental issue that affects agricultural productivity, ecosystem stability and food safety globally. It refers to the decline in soil health that reduces its ability to perform essential ecosystem functions. Physical soil degradation is particularly substantial as it directly impacts soil structure, porosity, water infiltration, aeration and root growth. Processes such as coalescence, slaking, dispersion, aggregate breakdown and consolidation were responsible for weakening soil structure and its stability. Technologies like remote sensing and GIS further support effective monitoring and management. Strategies like integrated conservation and improved land management are important for restoring soil health and ensuring environmental sustainability.

How to Cite

Atwal, A.S., Sandal, S.K., Sharma, R.P., 2026. Management approaches for revitalizing physically degraded soils. Biotica Research Today 8(3), 40-42. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.03.26/40-42.

Plant Disease Detection using Machine Learning

Rajeev Kumar — Sat, 14 Mar 2026 00:00:00 IST

Plants are essential for human life as they provide vigor and help mitigate the effects of global warming. Currently, various diseases like leaf spots, blights, rusts, mildews, leaf curling, discolouration, wilting, chlorosis, necrosis, stunted growth and premature leaf drop are affecting plants. These diseases considerably diminish crop yield and quality. Therefore, early revealing of plant diseases is significant in agriculture, as identifying them at a primary stage is important for effective disease management. This article aims to perceive plant leaf diseases using machine learning techniques such as CNN, Random Forest and ResNet-50, which afford faster, more precise and computerized disease finding from leaf images. CNN and ResNet-50 effectively extract composite image features for correct disease classification, while Random Forest provides stable forecasts with reduced over-fitting. These technologies provision early disease diagnosis, reduce pesticide usage and crop losses and support precision agriculture and sustainable farming practices.

How to Cite

Kumar, R., Sonam, K., Shyamrao, I.D., 2026. Plant disease detection using machine learning. Biotica Research Today 8(3), 37-39.

Development and Characterization of a Novel Fish Skin-based Papad

Surashree Sarkar — Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 IST

Sustainable foods are in increasing demand by a large section of population which needs creative ways to use fish parts that often go as waste. The present study involved developing a healthy snack (fish papad) by using fish skin, something usually discarded during processing. Further, study on the quality characteristics was done to evaluate the consumers liking and acceptability towards the product. Fresh Rohu fish (Labeo rohita) skin was taken, cleaned and soaked in a 20% salt solution. The skin was dried under the sun and the dried skin was ground into powder. Then 5% of this powder was mixed with wheat flour, spices and herbs to make a mixture. The mixture was shaped as round (papad shape), steamed, dried and finally fried in oil. Standard method was used to analyze the final product for its nutritional make-up, color, texture, microbial quality, oil absorption and sensory traits. The fish skin papad contained a high protein content (19.85%) and minerals (7.46%), with moderate fat (19.37%) and low oil absorption (11.92%). It stayed crisp, had a very low microbial count (1.512 log CFU g^-1) and scored high on overall acceptability (8.04 out of 9 on a hedonic scale). Overall, the findings of the study revealed the potential of fish skin in value addition to tasty, nutritious snack that would serve as a healthy one. This offers a sustainable way to manage fishery waste while adding value by converting the waste into edible products for health-conscious consumers.

How to Cite

Sarkar, S., Dhar, B., Nayak, S.S., 2026. Development and characterization of a novel fish skin-based papad. Research Biotica 8(1), 21-26. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.1.2026/21-26.

Flavour Compounds in Fish and Shellfish

Sakthivel Devadharshini — Sat, 28 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

Seafood flavour is a complex phenomenon obtained from the interaction of compounds present in fish and shellfish. The prominent flavour bearing compounds in seafood are mainly nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous substances and it varies based on their species, age, sex, diet, season, environment and post-mortem handling. Several processing and storage conditions, like cooking, freezing, smoking, drying and canning, result in the production of desirable and undesirable flavours. The most important flavour substances in shrimp and lobster are bromophenols and geosmin. In order to control the undesirable flavours, the quality of desirable flavours in seafood can be improved by understanding flavour compounds and their interactions, short processing conditions and coating of flavour compounds with encapsulants.

How to Cite

Devadharshini, S., 2026. Flavour Compounds in Fish and Shellfish. Biotica Research Today 8(2), 33-36.

The Doctrine of Karma: Understanding the Close Linkage of Action and Consequence in the Context of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Manoranjan Rout — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a long known and the first animal viral disease to be scientifically identified is a highly contagious disease afflicting even-toed animals. FMD virus is the most important pathogen due to its high transmission rate entangled with huge productive and economic losses upon incursion into the nations declared to be disease-free. The exponential growth in global trade has not only been the reason for immense benefits to mankind, but also negatively impacted in catalyzing the spread of different pests and pathogens. Such trade irrespective of the country-barrier has triggered outbreaks of several other emergency animal diseases than FMD, like ASF, CSF, SVD and PRRS in disease-free countries. This nut-shell-compilation focuses on how illegal trades have introduced FMD into disease-free countries. The title has been interwoven with the core narrative of the Indian philosophy that stresses upon a close relationship between action and consequence within the ambit of FMD.

How to Cite

Rout, M., Mohapatra, J.K., 2026. The Doctrine of Karma: Understanding the Close Linkage of Action and Consequence in the Context of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Biotica Research Today 8(2), 30-32.

Pollinator Assemblage and Foraging Ecology of Apis cerana on Rapeseed in Mizoram, Northeast India

Rojeet Thangjam — Wed, 25 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

In Mizoram, rapeseed is an important winter vegetable grown after the harvest of Jhum rice. The flowers attract many pollinators and therefore a study was carried out at Experimental farm of College of Horticulture, CAU (Imphal), Thenzawl, Mizoram from 2021-2023 to study the pollinator diversity and foraging activities of major pollinators under open field conditions. The study reveals that a total of 12 pollinators belonging to 5 families and 3 orders (Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera) were recorded visiting flowers of rapeseed, with highest foraging activity during 0900 to 1200 hrs. The pollinator assemblage includes Apis cerana, Tetragonula sp. (red and black abdomen), Lepidotrigona sp., Bombus sp., Nomia sp., hover flies, house fly and pierid butterflies. Interestingly, the stingless bees (Tetragonula sp. and Lepidotrigona sp.) were recorded pollinating rapeseed flowers in Thenzawl for the first time. Among the pollinators, Apis cerana was the dominant forager with a relative abundance of 23%. The number of A. cerana m^-2 min^-1was highest 7.00±0.57 during 1100-1200 hrs and lowest, 0.67±0.33 during 1600-1700 hrs. The frequency of flowers visit min^-1was also maximum, 13.67±0.33 during 1100-1200 hrs. However, maximum time spent flower^-1 was highest, 5.11±0.21 during 1000-1100 hrs. Among the pollinators, A. cerana is the main pollinator on rapeseed and stingless bee under the genus Tetragonula and Lepidotrigona also observed pollinating the rapeseed for the first time in Mizoram. The finding also highlights the importance of pollinators and provides the baseline data for managing pollinators and sustaining pollinator diversity in the region

How to Cite

Thangjam, R., Kadam, V., Ningomba, S., Shingnea, K.W., 2026. Pollinator assemblage and foraging ecology of Apis cerana on rapeseed in Mizoram, Northeast India. Research Biotica 8(1), 17-20. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.1.2026/17-20.

Hybrid AI Models for Predictive and Prescriptive Soil Analytics

Aarush Lal — Sun, 22 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

Increasing incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) within soil science has resulted in the origin new frontiers on both predictive and prescriptive basis, including management scheduling optimization, soil property forecasting and site-specific recommendations. Hybrid artificial intelligence (HAI) models combine the spatial feature extraction feature of solitary models with the temporal modelling attributes of large-spectrum models. HAI models provide active decision support, recommending fertilizer rates, irrigation schedules and land management practices calibrated to site-specific, climate and crop conditions. Bibliographic analysis of published literature from the past decade reveals a rapidly globalizing research landscape. With higher adaptation rate of AI-based technologies, HAI technologies have shifted from a niche sector to globally embraced, multi-dimensional research enterprise. The convergence of hybrid architectures, explainable modelling frameworks and expanding international collaborations signals that digital soil systems are no longer a theoretical concept but an emerging operational reality.

How to Cite

Lal, A., Sharma, R.P., 2026. Hybrid AI Models for Predictive and Prescriptive Soil Analytics. Biotica Research Today 8(2), 27-29. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.02.26/27-29.

Unseen Invaders: The Evolutionary Success and Agricultural Implications of the Pharaoh Ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.)

Nithisha S. — Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

The Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.) is an invasive species of global significance, causing major medical, economic and agricultural problems. It is a highly successful evolutionary model based on polygynous colony structure, cryptic nesting habits, rapid reproduction and highly efficient foraging. This is primarily linked to its indoor pest status but it is also found in greenhouses and storage facilities and causes damaging ecological ripples in agricultural systems. In contrast to beneficial ants living in the soil, M. pharaonis provides little benefit to soil aeration, but instead disrupts crops and is a possible vector for pathogens. In this review, a detailed description of its morphology, distribution and biology is provided and its ecological impact and current management approaches in public health and agricultural environments are discussed.

How to Cite

Nithisha, S., Pirithiraj, U., Ambethgar, V., 2026. Unseen Invaders: The Evolutionary Success and Agricultural Implications of the Pharaoh Ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). Biotica Research Today 8(2), 24-26. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.02.26/24-26.

From Oats to Almonds: The New Face of Plant-based Milk in India and Beyond: Uprise, Significance, Challenges and Opportunities

Sakshi Kaith — Sat, 14 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

Milk consumption patterns are changing worldwide, with plant-based milks derived from cereals, legumes, nuts and seeds increasingly gaining popularity. This shift can be attributed to several factors such as the high prevalence of lactose intolerance which affects half the global population and milk allergies. Furthermore, rising awareness in consumers regarding animal welfare, also the proliferation of veganism and concerns related to environment sustainability are fuelling this revolution. Studies have shown that plant-based milk such as oat milk, soy milk and almond milk requires less water and produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to cow’s milk. However, these alternatives lack adequate protein content, bioactive peptides making fortification and processing technologies essentially for improving their nutritional values. In India, coconut milk and almond milk have deep roots in ancient culture. But the high market price of plant-based milk is another challenge for low-income consumers. Therefore, the future of plant-based milk will depend on addressing the nutritional gaps and also making them affordable for all consumers.

How to Cite

Kaith, S., Gautam, A., Chauhan, D., 2026. From Oats to Almonds: The New Face of Plant-based Milk in India and Beyond: Uprise, Significance, Challenges and Opportunities. Biotica Research Today 8(2), 25-27. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.02.26/21-23.

Effect of Different Solvents and Solvent Mixtures on Extraction of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and Its Evaluation in Selected Cashew Genotypes

Siddanna Savadi — Thu, 12 Feb 2026 00:00:00 IST

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a valuable by-product of the cashew industry. CNSL has diverse industrial applications due to its unique chemical constituents such as anacardic acid, cardanol and cardol. However, inefficient extraction methods limit its commercial utility. Optimization of the extraction solvent is one of the most important factors for the development of efficient CNSL extraction protocols. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different solvents and solvent mixtures on CNSL extraction efficiency. Among the different solvents tested for extraction, acetone, chloroform, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol and two solvent mixtures (ethanol:hexane 1:2 v/v and ethanol:chloroform 2:1 v/v) were found to be the most effective solvents for CNSL extraction. Among these, methanol exhibited the highest CNSL extraction efficiency, which can be attributed to the relatively polar nature of major CNSL constituents such as anacardic acids, cardol and cardanol. Further, CNSL content was evaluated among forty-five cashew genotypes using the best solvent-based protocol and the results showed significant genetic variation in tested genotypes for the CNSL content (10.0-32.6%, p<0.05). The findings of this study pave the way for the development of efficient CNSL extraction protocols. Further, the assessment of CNSL content in the selected accessions will be useful in the cashew breeding programmes aimed at developing cultivars with high CNSL content suitable for industrial purposes and low CNSL types for direct culinary uses.

How to Cite

Savadi, S., Manoj, K., Rahul, G.B., et al., 2026. Effect of different solvents and solvent mixtures on extraction of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and its evaluation in selected Cashew genotypes. Research Biotica 8(1), 11-16. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.1.2026/11-16.

Community-based Fish Sanctuaries for Fish Conservation in Garo Hills in the North-Eastern Region of India

Pranab Gogoi — Wed, 28 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Fish sanctuaries provide a congenial habitat that supports to fish growth, survival and recruitment. The community-led conservation approach signifies its community participations for conserving fish resources through locally enforced regulations. Evidence from the protected stretches of the River Simsang, Meghalaya shows that the consistent community observations and societal regulations can efficiently restore the declined fish stocks at Wachi-Wari fish sanctuary. The collective decision making and indigenous knowledge systems have contributed significantly to the recovery of ecologically important hill stream fishes (e.g., mahseers), while simultaneously enhancing local livelihood security. The community managed fish sanctuaries in the Garo Hills, Meghalaya illustrates a suitable example of conservation approach for ‘mahseer’ which is relevant to the other parts of the Northeast India and comparability to the other tropical river systems.

How to Cite

Gogoi, P., DebRoy, P., Chanu, T.N., et al., 2026. Community-based Fish Sanctuaries for Fish Conservation in Garo Hills in the North-Eastern Region of India. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 17-20.

The Role of Microbial Biotechnology in Advancing Sustainable Agriculture

Sharmistha Sarma Kalita — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Agricultural systems increasingly rely on biotechnological approaches to enhance food production while maintaining environmental sustainability. As the global population continues to grow and climatic variability intensifies, conventional agricultural practices are becoming increasingly inadequate to meet the rising demand for food. Modern biotechnological interventions, including genetic engineering and genome-editing technologies such as CRISPR, have facilitated the development of crop varieties with improved tolerance to drought, enhanced resistance to insect pests and superior nutritional quality. These advances also contribute to reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, thereby minimizing their adverse environmental impacts. In addition, beneficial microorganisms have emerged as promising tools for sustainable agriculture by improving soil fertility, promoting plant growth, enhancing nutrient availability and increasing crop resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses. The integration of microbial biotechnology with precision agricultural technologies further optimizes the efficient use of water and nutrients, reduces agricultural waste and supports long-term soil health. Furthermore, plant tissue culture techniques enable the large-scale production of disease-free planting materials, while genetic engineering facilitates the development of crops with desirable agronomic traits and novel plant-derived products. Despite these significant advances, concerns regarding biosafety, environmental impacts and public acceptance continue to influence the widespread adoption of biotechnology-based agricultural practices. Microbial biotechnology is expected to play a pivotal role in improving crop productivity, mitigating the impacts of drought and heat stress and promoting environmentally sustainable farming systems. However, successful implementation will require appropriate regulatory frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration, continuous scientific innovation and greater public awareness to translate these technological advances into practical and sustainable agricultural solutions.

How to Cite

Kalita, S.S., 2026. The role of microbial biotechnology in advancing sustainable agriculture. Research Biotica 8(1), 01-10. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/8.1.2026/01-10.

Permaculture-Oriented Plant Improvement via Microbial Synergy

Tushar Mehra — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

The Green Revolution contributed to food security but quietly dismantled conventional systems: the living relationship between plants and soil microbial communities. Modern cultivars, breed for chemically managed soils have largely lost the ability to cooperate with the biological networks that regulate nutrient cycling, stress tolerance and resistance to diseases. Permaculture has always understood what mainstream agronomy is only beginning to measure that soil is a community, not a substrate and that plants are partners in an underground relations shaped by millions of years of co-evolution. This article addressed a breeding framework along with agronomical aspect grounded in the holobiont paradigm, treating the plant and its micro-biome as a single unit of selection. Interestingly, microbiome-responsive varieties only express their potential where living soil exists precisely where permaculture's design principles become agronomically essential. Integrating ecological breeding with permaculture practice offers a credible pathway toward resilient, low-input food systems.

How to Cite

Mehra, T., Bharti, A., 2026. Permaculture-Oriented Plant Improvement via Microbial Synergy. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 14-16. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.01.26/14-16.

Phenotypic Characterization of Ramnad Mundu Chilli using IPGRI Descriptors

Gadha Sreekumar — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Chillies imparts flavour and spices to every meal that are unmatched by any other cuisine in the world. In addition to paying an essential role in Indian cuisine, chillies play a significant role in the Indian economy as a cash commodity. Due to the nutritional value and health advantages of chilli, there has been a constant demand as a commercial crop worldwide. A type of chilli, Mundu chilli to be distinctive among chilli types is renowned for its fiery, pungent flavour at Ramanathapuram district, a dry land of Tamil Nadu has achieved GI tag for its uniqueness. It has a great potential to augment the food system and demand in the future for foreign exchange earnings in India, due to its strong flavour, high antioxidant, capsaicin and oleoresin contents.

How to Cite

Sreekumar, G., Thiruppathi, M., Manjusha, M.R., et al., 2026. Phenotypic Characterization of Ramnad Mundu Chilli using IPGRI Descriptors. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 10-13.

Securing Futures through Crop Protection with Nanotechnology

Pranab Dutta — Sun, 11 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Food demands are influencing developments in agriculture to address food challenges such as pests, soil erosion and climatic change as the population of the world continues to increase. Nanotechnology, especially phytonanotechnology, has now been used in modern agriculture where nanoparticles (NPs) of 1-100 nm are used to manage crops. The four major types of NPs, metallic, ceramic, carbon and polymer are significant especially the metallic NPs that have antibacterial properties such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper and silver. Plant size, chemical composition and plant development are factors that influence the degree to which NPs are effective against pathogens. They act by interfering with cell membrane and generating reactive oxygen species. Carrying out safety research on metal nanoparticles in crops is important. Some of the agricultural applications of nanotechnology encompass nanofertilizers to deliver nutrients efficiently, nano biosensors to monitor the levels of environmental contaminants and nano pesticides as an alternative to conventional pesticides to improve soil fertility and productivity of crops and lengthening of food shelf life.

How to Cite

Dutta, P., Vanlaltani, L., Talukdar, M., et al., 2026. Securing Futures through Crop Protection with Nanotechnology. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 06-09. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/08.01.26/06-09.

Microalgae Spirulina Supercharging Aquaculture: Harnessing Spirulina’s Role in Combating Abiotic and Biotic Stressors in Aquaculture

Mayuri Nag — Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 IST

Spirulina is a filamentous multicellular naturally occurring blue-green algae, having a high nutritional value. It has been declared as ‘super food’ of 21^st century by the World health Organization (WHO). It is widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, nutrition and in aquaculture as feed, growth enhancers and immunostimulants. In the field of aquaculture Spirulina platensis is well known for its a rich source of protein. It possesses biologically active compounds like phycocyanin and carotenoids because of which the immunity and overall health status of fish and other vertebrates can be enhanced during stressful condition. Spirulina supplementation in diet of fish and shrimp, can improve their growth and survival rates. Spirulina is also used for water management practices in aquaculture systems across the globe.

How to Cite

Nag, M., Savaliya, B., Kumar, S., 2026. Microalgae Spirulina Supercharging Aquaculture: Harnessing Spirulina’s Role in Combating Abiotic and Biotic Stressors in Aquaculture. Biotica Research Today 8(1), 01-05.

Management of Reservoirs in a Legally Plural Scenario

Thankam Theresa Paul — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 IST

Kerala, despite being a maritime state, possesses 31 reservoirs covering 29,635 ha that remain under-utilized for fisheries. The state has a per-capita fish consumption of 27 kg and 80% of its population depends on fish for their protein requirements. The state’s marine catch of 5.81 lakh tonnes remains insufficient to meet their dietary requirements and hence there is a huge scope for harnessing reservoir resources. Reservoir fisheries in Kerala are marked by legal pluralism involving departments of Forest, Irrigation, Tourism, Water Authority and Fisheries. Fisheries of a reservoir are influenced by two dimensions: (i) indigenous fish diversity, which ensures ecological resilience and (ii) production derived from stocking, which supports livelihoods. A differential management scheme is presented in this article to tackle the legally pluralistic scenario in Kerala reservoirs. Sustainable development requires science-based management, improved monitoring, expansion of cage culture, participatory governance and conservation of native species. These management schemes ensure Kerala’s substantial reservoir potential for supporting fisher livelihoods.

How to Cite

Paul, T.T., Abdulla, T., Sudheesan, D., 2025. Management of reservoirs in a legally plural scenario. Biotica Research Today 7(11), 297-299.

CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing to Improve Rice Production and Productivity

Sivaji Mathivanan — Mon, 24 Nov 2025 00:00:00 IST

At present condition we are indeed to produce more quantity of rice to face the demand of rice requirement, but cultivation of rice crop and increase the rice production faces several hindrances i.e., pest, diseases, salinity, water deficit, temperature etc. that significantly lower its production and productivity also another drawback of rice cultivation is required of more amount of water. Because of the genomic and bioinformatics advancements several effective new crop improvement techniques are developed, among those, an important one is genome editing technology especially CRISPR/Cas9 technique. By using these, rice plant with desirable traits such as panicle architecture, shoot architecture, grain characters, leaf structure traits etc. can be modified in the positive way to increase the rice grain yield either by editing of direct yield governing parameters or targeting to increase the tolerance mechanisms against different stresses which affect the rice productivity.

How to Cite

Mathivanan, S., Saravanan, N., Deivasigamani, M., Subramanian, S., Devaraj, S., 2025. CRISPR/Cas genome editing to improve rice production and productivity. Biotica Research Today 7(11), 292-296.

Adenium: An Emerging Ornamental Crop for Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems

Anamika Sajwan — Thu, 20 Nov 2025 00:00:00 IST

Adenium obesum, is becoming famous due to its liveliness and sculptural shape. It is a beautiful plant which can survive in a variety of climatic condition adding visual appeal to gardens and indoor areas, making it a favourite option among gardeners. The growing popularity of bonsai culture has also aided Adenium’s appeal, as this age-old craft is ideally suited to its distinctive structure. Adenium presents a substantial business opportunity for farmers and retailers, with growing prospects for both local and worldwide exports. Apart from the ornamental purpose Adenium obesum is an important medicinal plant that exhibits a variety of biological properties (antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer).

How to Cite

Sajwan, A., Bora, H., Rao, V.K., 2025. Adenium: An emerging ornamental crop for arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Biotica Research Today 7(11), 289-291.

Exploring Drone Technology towards Unmanned and Autonomous Fisheries Operations: ICAR-CIFRI’s Initiatives

Basanta Kumar Das — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 IST

Advanced technologies cast an impact on fisheries with increasing demand as well as concerns about sustainability, which undergo a transformation. Drones, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), have evolved into a ground-breaking device in fisheries, catering for resource optimisation as well as advanced monitoring. ICAR-CIFRI, Barrackpore has an intense engagement with drone application for water quality monitoring, water sampling, fish transportation, farm input application along with underwater inspection. These technologies accredit real-time data collection, lower labour costs and time, and improve decision-making towards sustainable resource management.

How to Cite

Das, B.K., Jana, C., Roy, A., et al., 2025. Exploring drone technology towards unmanned and autonomous fisheries operations: ICAR-CIFRI’s initiatives. Biotica Research Today 7(10), 284-288. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/7.11.2025/284-288.

Mycotoxins: The Invisible Enemies from the Fungal World

Aditee Baruah — Mon, 10 Nov 2025 00:00:00 IST

Mycotoxins which are considered as toxic secondary metabolites are low weight molecules produced from filamentous fungi. These secondary metabolites if consumed by humans or comes in contact with the feed of animals can be toxic and can even be carcinogenic, neurotoxic, nephron toxic or immunosuppressive. The term mycotoxin was used in 1960 in the UK after the demise of 100,000 turkeys attributed to the use of feed tainted with secondary metabolites from Aspergillus flavus. Warm (25±1 °C) and humid conditions with poor post-harvest handling as well as storage conditions often aggravate the problem.

How to Cite

Baruah, A., Ksoo, I., Mallai, M., Borah, T.R., 2025. Mycotoxins: The invisible enemies from the fungal world. Biotica Research Today 7(11), 281-283. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/7.11.2025/281-283.

Sitalpati (Schumannianthus dichotomus): An Underutilized Fibre Crop Intertwined with Heritage

Bodhisattya Pal — Thu, 30 Oct 2025 00:00:00 IST

Viability of conventional agricultural practices is challenged by the ever-worsening climate crisis. It has created an urgent need to identify candidate crops that can remain stable under extreme environmental fluctuations. While mainstream attention focuses on a limited set of major fibre crops, a lot of underutilized species with significant potential remain largely overlooked by both the scientific community and industries. Sitalpati/Patdoi (Schumannianthus dichotomus), a wetland-adapted perennial from the Marantaceae family, is one such overlooked resources. Despite decades of cultural root in South and Southeast Asian societies, general awareness among people about the potential of this crop is still lacking. Beside its celebrated role in traditional handicraft industries, the species has exceptional ecological and biomedical potential. This paper integrates current scientific knowledge, identifies its manifold value and diverse applications, and positions S. dichotomus as a promising future target for scientific and industrial interest.

How to Cite

Pal, B., Nanda, S., Karmakar, A., 2025. Sitalpati (Schumannianthus dichotomus): An underutilized fibre crop intertwined with heritage. Biotica Research Today 7(10), 277-280. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/7.10.2025/277-280.

Fruit Flies: A Pest of Concern in Mango

Sankarganesh E. — Sat, 25 Oct 2025 00:00:00 IST

Fruit flies are quarantine pests and major impediments to the horticulture sector, domestic market and export of fresh fruits. This article examines the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, infestation in mango with reference to its host range, bionomics, seasonal variations with management perspectives to reduce crop losses aimed at sustainable fruit production.

How to Cite

Sankarganesh, E., Sahay, S., Bhowmik, S., Chakravarty, S., 2025. Fruit flies: A pest of concern in mango. Biotica Research Today 7(10), 274-276.

IFS for Diverse and Resilient Farming System for Tribal Farmers of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya

Joyoshree Mahanta — Sun, 19 Oct 2025 00:00:00 IST

This article attempts to analyse the impact of IFS on the livelihood of the farmers of West Garo Hills district (Meghalaya). In West Garo Hills, farmers are mostly small and marginal (<1.08 ha). They practice mono-cropping in low land farming due to unavailability of water supply during winter resulting in low productivity and poor income. Further climate change like erratic rainfall, flash floods, poor economic conditions and low average land holding of the farmers poses challenges to life and livelihoods. To alleviate the detrimental effects of climate change on farmers’ income, diversification and efficient existing resource utilization through IFS can lead to higher and stable income for the farmers. Under NICRA Project introduction of IFS based on the model Fish-Duck-Horticultural crops at Marapara, Smt. Pronilla Sangma’s field have not only led to increased income but also improved livelihoods, food security with environmental sustainability.

How to Cite

Mahanta, J., Singh, M.S., Borah, S., Singh, N.A.K., Chakraborty, P., Singh, B.P., 2025. IFS for diverse and resilient farming system for tribal farmers of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Biotica Research Today 7(10), 270-273.

Biosensors for Sustainable Farming: Growing More with Less

Mummasani Asritha — Sun, 12 Oct 2025 00:00:00 IST

Biosensors are predominant and an innovative tool in agriculture, offering farmers an easy go advance tool to monitor soil and crop health and environmental in real time. They are useful in monitoring vital parameters, including soil water content, nutrient conditions, pest and disease infestations, and taking correct and prompt decisions. Through biosensors, farmers are able to maximize irrigation and fertilizer utilisation, improve pest management and minimize loss of inputs that eventually results in high productivity and sustainability. In contrast to the traditional method of using observation and experience, biosensors provide reliable information that can aid in making decisions based on precision. Not only do they enhance the performance of crops, but also make the soil and the environment healthy by reducing resource wastage. However, the high prices and accessibility are still a problem especially among the small and marginal farmers. Biosensors are expected to be an inseparable component of sustainable and precise farming systems in the near future with the continued technological growth and reduction of the costs.

How to Cite

Asritha, M., Gowtham, G., Sweetha, V., Kotresh, D.J., Banoth, S.K., 2025. Biosensors for sustainable farming: Growing more with less. Biotica Research Today 7(10), 267-269.

Artificial Intelligence-based Molecular Docking in Drug Discovery

Namitha Bairi — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 00:00:00 IST

Molecular docking is a technique in structural molecular biology and computer-aided drug design that predicts the binding affinity of ligands to the targeted disease-causing proteins. Even after years of progress, there are difficulties in reliably spotting the right ligands and predicting how they fit inside a target’s binding site. The field of drug development is changing rapidly due to introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in molecular docking. This method addresses the limitations in traditional docking. Key improvements include handling large datasets, scoring functions, exploring conformational spaces of ligands and receptors. This article explains how AI has enhanced molecular docking at every step for drug discovery.

How to Cite

Bairi, N., Bhuyan, A.H., Das, P., 2025. Artificial Intelligence-based molecular docking in drug discovery. Biotica Research Today 7(10), 264-266.

Aeroponics: A Modern Trend on Vegetable Farming in Kerala

Sreya U. Parvathi — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 IST

Aeroponics is a cultivation technique for growing crops without using soil. The plant is not inserted into the soil or any other medium like conventional cultivation. In aeroponics, plant is grown in a mist medium. The roots of the plants are exposed to the air or in a container filled with nutrients. The roots get maximum oxygenation and moisture. Aeroponic farming ensures better aeration, effective water usage, less space, time consumption, disease free plant propagation seasonal independence and large scale plant production. The techniques used in aeroponic system are proved successful for the plant such as potato, tomato, leaf crops and microgreens. In Kerala it may use or consume only 95% less water as compared to the normal farming. It also conserves reduced land use and eliminating soil degradation. It also enables pesticide free organic cultivation and maximizes space efficiency. It is ideal for urban and eco-friendly farming.

How to Cite

Parvathi, S.U., 2025. Aeroponics: A modern trend on vegetable farming in Kerala. Biotica Research Today 7(9), 261-263. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/7.9.2025/261-263.

Water Crisis in Bihar: Causes, Impacts and the Road to Recovery

Manoj Kumar — Thu, 25 Sep 2025 00:00:00 IST

The water crisis in Bihar is real and aggravating with every passing year. Traditionally flood prone districts of north Bihar, such as Sitamarhi and Darbhanga to name a few, are facing acute water shortages even for drinking and domestic purposes, let alone agricultural needs and that too in the middle of the monsoon. Qualitative water degradation further compounds the problem adding human health dimension to the crisis. Overexploitation of ground water and poor recharge, changing rainfall patterns under a changing climate, neglect of surface water systems and excessive groundwater pollution are the major causes of the water crisis which demand urgent remedial measures. We, in this article, elaborate upon the human, social and agricultural impacts of the water crisis, and propose strategies to ensure mindful utilization of the water resources for securing the future growth prospects of Bihar.

How to Cite

Kumar, M., Tarate, S.B., Rout, R.K., Padala, V.K., Raut, S.M., 2025. Water crisis in Bihar: Causes, impacts and the road to recovery. Biotica Research Today 7(9), 258-260.

Occurrence of Paederus-Associated Dermatitis in Urban Lucknow: A Case Report

S. Routray — Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:00:00 IST

Insect associated human diseases are often creating havoc. In the animal kingdom, various structural perfections and protective modifications has enabled insects one of the successful organisms. Paederus dermatitis is caused by a rove beetle, Paederuss spp. also known as Nairobi fly that releases the toxin pederin. The current case report documents an outbreak of such beetles in a multistoried residential society of urban Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. About 5 to 10% of the residents were affected by such dermatitis over multiple floors. The affected open skin areas show symptoms of irregular reddish blisters which often misdiagnosed with other fungal infections. The morphological investigation confirmed the species as Paederuss spp. The current case report focuses on the need for preventive awareness and accurate clinical diagnosis in managing such insect mediated dermatitis.

How to Cite

Routray, S., Jena, S., 2025. Occurrence of Paederus-associated dermatitis in Urban Lucknow: A case report. Biotica Research Today 7(9), 255-257.

Harnessing the Power of the Wind: Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of Wind Energy

R. Kiruthika — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 IST

A key element of sustainable, renewable power generation is wind energy, which has notable benefits for improving energy security and fighting climate change. This paper investigates the possible advantages as well as the natural obstacles connected to wind energy use. Wind power's renewable character helps to lower greenhouse gas emissions and encourages long-term cost savings as well as energy independence, job creation and local economic benefits. Though these benefits are clear, efficient use is hampered by issues including the unevenness of wind resources, land use disputes, visual effects, possible negative consequences on animals and questions about operational noise. The study emphasizes how thorough planning, proactive community involvement and ongoing technical innovation help to address these issues. Critically assessing these elements will help policymakers, business leaders and community members to make educated choices that will improve the viability and sustainability of wind energy projects, hence supporting a more robust and clean energy future.

How to Cite

Kiruthika, R., Naziba, T.A., Dhanabalan, S., 2025. Harnessing the power of the wind: Exploring the benefits and challenges of wind energy. Biotica Research Today 7(9), 251-254.

Farm to Fork: A Sustainable and Green Agricultural Value Chain Approach

Shanmugam Gokul — Fri, 05 Sep 2025 00:00:00 IST

Examining and ensuring the food transition from production as raw produce to consumption as finished food is essential. This paper examines the Farm-to-Fork (F2F) strategy within the context of the sustainable agricultural value chain approach, which focuses on reducing environmental impact, maximizing economic returns and achieving food security. This study reveals disparities in farm produce prices between producers and consumers, highlighting the need for an ecologically and economically sound, sustainable agricultural value chain approach. Furthermore, this paper highlights the excellence of the F2F strategy in terms of a sustainable value chain over the conventional approach. It depicts the benefits of this strategy to all stakeholders. This paper concludes that it is high time to adopt an integral face-to-face (F2F) sustainable agricultural value chain approach to uphold sustainable agriculture, maintain the nutritional value of food, create employment opportunities and maximize the economic benefits for rural people and local farmers.

How to Cite

Gokul, S., Sabarivasan, R., Dinesh, G.K., 2025. Farm to fork: A sustainable and green agricultural value chain approach. Biotica Research Today 7(9), 248-250. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/7.9.2025/248-250.

Comparative Assessment of Butterfly and Pollinator Diversity across Urban and Semi-Natural Ecosystems of Tripura, Northeast India

Subhalaxmi Bhattacharjee — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:00:00 IST

As a key pollinator and ecological indicator, butterflies play a crucial role in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The paper provides an overall assessment of butterfly and general pollinator diversity in two ecologically distinct environments in Tripura, namely, Oxygen Park, a managed urban green space in Agartala and Silachari, a semi-natural deciduous forest in South Tripura. Field surveys were conducted during the pre-monsoon season (April-May 2024) and recorded 30 butterfly species at Oxygen Park and 30 pollinator taxa at Silachari, including 18 butterfly species. The families of dominant butterflies were Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae. The species diversity indices indicated that heterogeneity of species was higher in Silachari (H′=3.8) as compared to Oxygen Park (H′=3.1). The presence of endemic and specialist species like Cirrochroa aoris and Neptis reducta in forest habitat and presence of adaptable generalists like Danaus chrysippus and Eurema hecabe in urban green spaces falls in line with the expectancy of the species predation and feeding preferences. The results support the complementary role of the two landscapes in sustaining the community of pollinators and promote ecosystem-level conservation across the urban and nature ecosystems. The study also underlines an urgent necessity to develop integrated conservation plans with an eye on landscape level connectivity and pollination services to guarantee ecological resilience in the face of urbanisation and habitat fragmentation.

How to Cite

Bhattacharjee, S., Chakma, J., Mog, T., 2025. Comparative assessment of butterfly and pollinator diversity across urban and semi-natural ecosystems of Tripura, Northeast India. Biotica Research Today 7(8), 237-247. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/7.8.2025/237-247.

Unlocking the Science behind the Soil Phytolith Extraction: New Insights on Terrestrial Carbon Reservoirs

Nivaethaa C. — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 00:00:00 IST

Climate change is accelerating carbon cycle disruptions that necessitate exploration of stable terrestrial carbon pools. Phytoliths, silica-based microstructures bring a resilient mechanism for long-term carbon stabilization. These structures encapsulate organic carbon, producing PhytOC, which remains chemically protected within the phytoliths. Unlike volatile soil organic carbon, PhytOC resists microbial decomposition and environmental leaching, contributing to persistent carbon storage in soils and sediments. Phytoliths extraction from soil involves the removal of carbonates and organics through oxidative digestion then to heavy liquid flotation using zinc bromide. Further, centrifugation enables density-based separation, allowing phytoliths to float and be decanted for morphotype characterization. Recent advancement in high-resolution imaging and stable isotopic tracing techniques have improved the characterization of phytolith spatial distribution, carbon occlusion and ecosystem level sequestration potential. Incorporating phytolith dynamics into terrestrial carbon evaluations can improve the estimation of phytolith contributions to global carbon budgets and support nature based climate mitigation strategies.

How to Cite

Nivaethaa, C., Pragasan, L.A., Sreekanth, K.H., 2025. Unlocking the science behind the soil phytolith extraction: New insights on terrestrial carbon reservoirs. Biotica Research Today 7(8), 234-236. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/7.8.2025/234-236.

Masters of Disguise: Camouflage in the Insect World

Vinayak Madarakhandi — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 00:00:00 IST

Insects are the most remarkable examples of evolutionary adaptation, with camouflage and disguise which are serving as a key strategy for their survival. Camouflage will be the necessary behaviour and survival strategy for many soft bodied, solitary insects in which insects show cryptic colouration. In contrast, the disguise involves adopting the form of another natural object, such as a leaf, flower or even bird droppings. These adaptive strategies can be seen in stick and leaf insects, grasshoppers, praying mantids, moths and butterflies. The Hawaiian “bone collector” caterpillar shows an unusual camouflage that incorporates remains of prey as a case representing a crucial primary defense mechanism. Other than that, camouflage also supports predatory insects in ambushing unsuspecting victims, thereby contributing to ecological balance. This article mainly focusing on the diversity and significance of insect camouflage and highlights the form, function and survival of the insects by using camouflage as a tool.

How to Cite

Madarakhandi, V., Santhrupthi, B., Pampareddy., Aramani, K., Tejaswini, A.S., Roogi, A.B., 2025. Masters of disguise: Camouflage in the insect world. Biotica Research Today 7(8), 231-233. DOI: 10.54083/BRT/7.8.2025/231-233.

Functionalization of Puffed Extruded Snacks through Horticultural Industrial Waste: Transforming Waste into Value

Alka Joshi — Mon, 11 Aug 2025 00:00:00 IST

Using extrusion technology, horticultural waste such as overripe banana, grape pomace and tomato pomace can be converted into puffed snacks. Besides being polyphenols and antioxidants-rich as well as a source of dietary fiber, these wastes enhance extruded food products. Overripe banana and tomato pomace snack foods transform by-products into eco-friendly snacks while adding fiber and bioactive compounds. Additionally, extrusion enhances the nutrient bioavailability, texture and flavor of food while reducing waste, thus supporting a circular economy.

How to Cite

Joshi, A., Arora, B., Yadav, B.K., Sethi, S., Sindhu, P.M., 2025. Functionalization of puffed extruded snacks through horticultural industrial waste: Transforming waste into value. Biotica Research Today 7(8), 227-230.

Advancing Fish Health Management: The Role of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Tanuja Abdulla — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 00:00:00 IST

Next Generation sequencing techniques were applied in the field of fish and aquatic health management studies over the last few years. The era of genomic sequencing advances from Sanger sequencing to Illumina sequencing, 454 Pyrosequencing, SOLiD Sequencing, Oxford nanopore sequencing etc. with advantage of sequencing of millions of DNA reads in short time with reasonable cost. This tool helps in the detailing of microbial information associated with fish and environmental parameters like fish diseases, host-pathogen interaction studies, pathogen characterization and microbial community diversity assessments. NGS techniques enables novel identification of un-cultivable microbes, bio-prospecting of probiotic and bioremediation bacteria and identification of different strains of pathogens those are difficult to differentiate with conventional diagnostic methods. This information is vital for the development of management strategies in the aquatic ecosystem. This article briefly highlights the application of NGS tools in fish health aspects.

How to Cite

Abdulla, T., Paul, T.T., Sudheesan, D., 2025. Advancing fish health management: The role of next generation sequencing (NGS). Biotica Research Today 7(8), 224-226.

Optimization of Planting Time for Two Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) Cultivars (Carotena and Valentena) under the Agro-climatic Conditions of Tripura

Debasmita Sil — Mon, 17 Mar 2025 00:00:00 IST

The optimization of planting time is an important agronomic practice for maximizing cauliflower productivity under varying climatic conditions. A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the College of Agriculture, Tripura, Lembucherra, during the rabi season of 2022-2023 to determine the optimum planting time for two cauliflower cultivars, Carotena and Valentena, under the agro-climatic conditions of Tripura. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with four planting dates, namely 14^th October, 14^th November, 14^th December and 14^th January, each replicated five times. Growth, yield and yield-attributing parameters were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance. Planting time significantly influenced the growth and yield performance of both cultivars. Among the four planting dates, transplanting on 14 November resulted in superior vegetative growth and curd development. In Carotena, the maximum plant height (49.40 cm) and highest net curd weight (0.57 kg plant^-1) were recorded under November planting, whereas the lowest curd weight (0.33 kg plant^-1) was obtained from January planting. Similarly, Valentena recorded the highest plant height (65.60 cm) and maximum net curd weight (1.00 kg plant^-1) when transplanted on 14 November, while January planting produced the lowest curd weight (0.25 kg plant^-1). The superior performance of November planting may be attributed to favourable temperature conditions during vegetative growth and curd initiation, whereas delayed planting exposed the crop to less favourable environmental conditions. The findings indicate that mid-November is the optimum planting period for successful cultivation of both Carotena and Valentena under Tripura conditions.

How to Cite

Sil, D., Bhattacharjee, T., Saha, S., Parvin, S., Sen, D., Das, A., Das, S.S., 2025. Optimization of planting time for two cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) cultivars (Carotena and Valentena) under the agro-climatic conditions of Tripura. Research Biotica 7(1), 16-23. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/7.1.2025/16-23.

Leakage of Sperm Membrane Protein, Cholesterol, ALT and AST during Cryopreservation of Swamp Buffalo Bull Semen

D.J. Talukdar — Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 IST

A total of 28 ejaculates collected from four Swamp buffalo bulls aged five to eight years maintained at the Network Project on Swamp Buffalo, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam were used to study the leakage of sperm membrane protein, cholesterol, ALT and AST during cryopreservation of Swamp buffalo bull semen in Tris-egg yolk-citrate-glycerol extender. The mean levels of sperm membrane protein (SMP) in fresh, after equilibration and after freezing were 5.13±0.12, 3.95±0.10 and 3.83±0.11 mg/ 10⁹ spermatozoa, respectively. The mean levels of cholesterol in fresh, after equilibration and after freezing were 21.95±0.44, 18.27±0.40 and 14.74±0.60 µg/ 10⁸ spermatozoa, respectively. The mean levels of sperm membrane proteins and cholesterol were significantly (p<0.01) lower after equilibration and freezing. The mean AST activity was 12.63±1.14, 28.60±1.71 and 57.20±4.52 units/ 10⁸ spermatozoa while the mean ALT activity was 0.89±0.11, 1.73±0.21 and 4.00±0.20 units/ 10⁸ spermatozoa in fresh, after equilibration and freezing, respectively. The mean activity of AST and ALT was significantly (p<0.01) higher after equilibration and freezing. From the present study, it can be concluded that cryopreservation induces leakage of sperm membrane protein, cholesterol, ALT and AST of the swamp buffalo bull semen, which is an indicator of cryodamage.

How to Cite

Talukdar, D.J., Ahmed, K., Talukdar, P., Bora, P.P., 2025. Leakage of sperm membrane protein, cholesterol, ALT and AST during cryopreservation of swamp buffalo bull semen. Research Biotica 7(1), 11-15. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/7.1.2025/11-15.

Comparative Evaluation of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles for the Management of Bacterial Wilt of Potato Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum

Rajni Raj — Tue, 18 Feb 2025 00:00:00 IST

Bacterial wilt of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a devastating disease among potato crops across the world caused by soil-borne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, which leads to substantial economic and agricultural losses. The current study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on R. solanacearum in in-vitro conditions. In vitro disc diffusion method revealed that out of five different concentrations of AgNPs and AuNPs, 5000 ppm causes the highest inhibition zone (mm) of 1.70 mm and 1.45 mm of R. solanacearum, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed that these nanoparticles cause distortion of bacterial cell walls. Mode of action of AgNPs and AuNPs triggers the overproduction of superoxide radicals within bacteria leading to oxidative stress and structural damage that causes the disruption of cellular homeostasis, effectively killing the bacterium.

How to Cite

Raj, R., Vanlaltani, L., Mahanta, M., Singh, H., Das, P., Raj, R., Dutta, P., 2025. Comparative evaluation of silver and gold nanoparticles for the management of bacterial wilt of potato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Research Biotica 7(1), 05-10. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/7.1.2025/05-10.

Studies on Cultural and Morphological Variability in the Isolates of Fusarium solani Causing Dieback Disease in Tea Ecosystem of NE India

Pritam Das — Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 IST

Total 10 Fusarium solani were isolated and coded as NMFst1, NMFst2, NMFst3, NMFst4, UMFst1, UMFst2, UMFst3, PAFst, SDFst and CDFst from the tea ecosystem of three North Eastern states of India viz., Meghalaya, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The isolates were characterized based on cultural characteristics on colony colour (as per Royal Horticultural Society colour chart), zonation (present or absent), topography (raise and umbonate) and sporulation (profuse or moderate) were studied. Morphological characteristics of the isolated Fusarium solani grown on PDA medium and microscopic observations were made under 40X. Size of the macro conidia and for the microconidia were found to be in the range of 5.79-23.50×1.29-2.33 μm and 3.12-8.58×1.22-1.88 μm, respectively. Macro conidia are found to be sickle shape (all the isolates) with blunt end (PAFst) and microconidia were round to oval (all isolates) in shape. The colour of mycelium was found to be hyaline. Presence of septation in macroconidia (5-3) and mycelium were also recorded. By comparing the cultural and morphological characteristics with the key guidelines of C. Booth (1971), species level identification was done. Screening for the first growing isolate of Fusarium solani was done by taking the radial growth of the isolates at different days after incubation (up to 168 hours). Among the 10 isolates, 6 isolates were found to be fast growing in nature.

How to Cite

Das, P., Mahanta, M., Bhattacharyya, A., Dutta, P., 2025. Studies on cultural and morphological variability in the isolates of Fusarium solani causing dieback disease in tea ecosystem of NE India. Plant Health Archives 3(1), 01-07. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/3.1.2025/01-07.

Rural Youth’s Perspective on Agriculture as a Viable Livelihood Option

Amita Yadav — Mon, 27 Jan 2025 00:00:00 IST

The long-term sustainability of agriculture depends on the willingness of young people to consider farming and allied enterprises as viable livelihood options. Understanding youth attitudes towards agriculture is therefore essential for designing effective extension and policy interventions. The present study assessed the attitude of rural youth towards agriculture as an occupation in the Jait Village of Mathura district. An analytical research design was adopted and data were collected through a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Attitude was measured using a series of statements and categorized into less favourable, favourable and more favourable attitude levels. The findings indicated that agriculture continues to be viewed positively by the majority of respondents. Nearly all respondents (96.67%) perceived agriculture as a major employment-generating sector for youth, while 90.00% believed that young people should actively engage in agricultural production. A majority (73.33%) expressed willingness to work in rural areas to pursue farming and 83.33% rejected the notion that agriculture is suitable only for illiterate individuals. Overall, 70.00% of respondents exhibited a favourable attitude towards agriculture as a livelihood option, whereas 23.00% demonstrated a less favourable attitude and only 7.00% expressed a highly favourable attitude. Despite the generally positive perception, several respondents preferred alternative occupations due to perceived economic uncertainties associated with agriculture. The findings highlight the need for strengthening entrepreneurial opportunities, improving profitability and promoting agriculture as a modern and rewarding profession to sustain youth participation in the sector.

How to Cite

Yadav, A., 2025. Rural youth’s perspective on agriculture as a viable livelihood option. Research Biotica 7(1), 01-04. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/7.1.2025/01-04.

Herbal Feed Additives with Feed Attractant and Stimulant Effect: The Potential New Avenue for Aquafeed

Annadurai Veeradharsan — Fri, 13 Dec 2024 00:00:00 IST

The global fish production is estimated at 178 million tonnes, out of which 88 million tonnes were from aquaculture. Capture fisheries have been stagnant in recent years. To fulfil the global demand, many countries are adopting advanced aquaculture practices to improve production. Fish feed is one of the essential and primary components in the aquaculture sector. To optimize the feeding performance of fish, various chemical additives are being incorporated. Despite its effectiveness, differential effects of additives are recorded. Consumers’ concern for natural food has made an impact on the adoption of herbs as a preferable aquafeed additive. Using herbs as an efficient feed additive may help achieve the intended outcomes than other commercially sold chemical additives. Herbs are available at a low price and can act as effective additives and prophylactics in the aquafeed, with growth-supporting possibilities. Herbs are presumed to include several bioactive substances like phenolics, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and steroids, which might assist in improving several physiological features, including feed intake, antioxidant capacity, growth, shelf life and raising the immunological activation. This article explains the current status of herbs and their inclusion in the aquaculture nutrition sector and their performance as an aquafeed additive. The use of herbs in aquafeed might assist in replacing chemical additions and fostering economical and sustainable production.

How to Cite

Veeradharsan, A., Roy, U., Kumar, K., et al., 2024. Herbal Feed Additives with Feed Attractant and Stimulant Effect: The Potential New Avenue for Aquafeed. Research Biotica 6(4), 161-166. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.4.2024/161-166.

Exploring the Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana: A Comprehensive Review on its Role as a Biocontrol Agent for Insect Population Management in Agriculture

Sushil Kumar — Thu, 28 Nov 2024 00:00:00 IST

This paper thoroughly investigates the possibilities of entomopathogenic fungus, especially Beauveria bassiana, as a feasible and eco-friendly substitute for traditional chemical pesticides under the framework of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In order to lower the excessive reliance on synthetic agrochemicals, the growing problem of pesticide resistance among pest populations and the related negative consequences on environmental and human health drives increasing need to adopt sustainable pest control practices. In this context, entomopathogenic fungi are an important biological control agent because of their inherent pathogenic features, wide host range and several modes of actions. This fungus not only infects and kills many species of insect pests (chewing and sap-sucking) but also interacting endophytically within plant tissues. Their colonization of the plant may strengthen such resistance and enhances the plant's natural defences, which indirectly reduce pests and increase the resilience of plants. Moreover, the development of innovative formulation technologies in recent years has also enhanced the persistence and field efficacy of B. bassiana, allowing its practical usage possible across a wide range of agro-climatic conditions. This fungus, which can be a direct insecticide and cause plant systemic resistance, has several properties that help to reduce reliance on chemical pesticide use. This study has examined the challenges and possibilities of using entomopathogenic fungus and points a way toward the adoption of commercially viable and environmentally sustainable pest control techniques in Indian agriculture and beyond.

How to Cite

Kumar, S., Saxena, G., Prajapati, V.P., et al., 2024. Exploring the Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana: A Comprehensive Review on its Role as a Biocontrol Agent for Insect Population Management in Agriculture. Research Biotica 6(4), 151-160. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.4.2024/151-160.

Reduction of Chemical Potassic Source of Fertilizer by Integrating Potash Solubilising Bacteria in Sali Rice

Ipsita Ojah — Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 IST

The study here entitled “Reduction of Chemical Potassic Source of Fertilizer by Integrating Potash Solubilising Bacteria in Sali Rice” was carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) of Udalguri under Assam Agricultural University, Assam. The demonstrations were conducted at farmer’s plot at different villages of Udalguri district during Kharif seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22, to measure the effect of continuous application of inorganic fertilizers along with organic nutrients on crop productivity, economics, soil fertility and plant health. The integration of Potash-Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB) with a 50% reduction in potassic fertilizer application resulted in an average grain yield of 46 and 45 q ha^-1, across two consecutive years, demonstrating a 5.45% yield improvement over conventional fertilization. Soil potassium availability improved significantly, with increased organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and microbial activity. The economic analysis revealed a higher benefit-cost (B:C) ratio of 2.1 in KSB-treated plots compared to 1.37 in conventional farmer’s practices, indicating the cost-effectiveness of biofertilizer-based Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). These results enlighten the potential of KSB in reducing chemical input dependency while maintaining the sustainable rice productivity.

How to Cite

Ojah, I., Borah, D., Hafiz, A., et al., 2024. Reduction of Chemical Potassic Source of Fertilizer by Integrating Potash Solubilising Bacteria in Sali Rice. Research Biotica 6(4), 144-150. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.4.2024/144-150.

Variability Studies in Half Sib Progenies of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) var. Arka Kiran for Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes

Sanjana U. — Tue, 15 Oct 2024 00:00:00 IST

India is known for growing fruit crops that are widely valued in the market. In particular, red pulp varieties of guava tend to have a presence of seeds which limits their overall popularity, among consumers. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to find genotypes having deep red or pink coloured pulp and low seed number. The 48 progenies showed range of variability in terms of plant growth, yield traits and quality traits. Progenies viz., PG 15-9 (2.10 m), PG 1-7 and PG 35-1 (2.16 m) have showed low tree height. Fruit yield was highly significant in PG 24-6 (22.45 kg tree^-1). Number of seeds fruit^-1 of progenies underlined varied between 111.22 and 630.95. Compared with PG 1-7 with its parent Arka Kiran whose fruits were of almost equal weight, PG 1-7 proved to be having less number of seeds (341.52 seeds fruit^-1) compared to Arka Kiran (428.98 seeds fruit^-1). With regards to biochemical constituents of fruit, maximum TSS and total sugar content were seen in progeny, PG 1-7 (12.6 °Brix; 6.72%). Among progenies, maximum ascorbic acid content was seen in PG 28-1 (220.42 mg/ 100 g), followed by PG 1-7 (203.73 mg/ 100 g). In short, on the basis of examination of numerous physico-chemical traits of half-sibling progenies of guava var. Arka Kiran, progeny PG 1-7 proved to be the superior one in terms of maximal intensity of colour of fruit pulp, fruit quality, seed traits and yield, in addition to its organoleptic qualities.

How to Cite

Sanjana, U., Kavino, M., 2024. Variability Studies in Half Sib Progenies of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) var. Arka Kiran for Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes. Research Biotica 6(4), 125-143. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.4.2024/125-143.

Advancing Animal Husbandry Practices through Front Line Demonstrations for Improved Livestock and Fodder Management in Dharmapuri District

Thangadurai, R. — Sat, 28 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST

Krishi Vigyan Kendra provides the rural farmers with an opportunity to upgrade their knowledge in the area of agriculture and allied sectors. KVKs implement Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) which are implementations of new technologies on the farmers’ fields with advisory support. In animal sciences, FLDs were on infertility management, clean milk production and high nutrition, long duration fodder crop varieties. These field level demonstrations enable scientists to obtain real time data to further improve the technologies to be used in future research and extension programs. KVK Dharmapuri implemented FLDs in animal sciences from 2014-2024. The implementation of the new technologies in nutrition management, disease prevention and new fodder crop varieties led to the following changes. Milk yield increased from 6 to 9 liters day^-1, weight gain in sheep and goats also enhanced from 4 to 6 kg month^-1 and lamb death rate improved from 75% to 90%. Fodder production also increased from 70 to 200 tons acre^-1, this is 185% improvement as compared to the traditional varieties. The income of the farmers from livestock enterprises increased from Rs. 72,000.00 to Rs. 92,400.00, which is 28% more than that of the traditional practices. The results of this study show that the FLDs in animal sciences developed in Dharmapuri have positively affected the living standard, production of forages and income from livestock production.

How to Cite

Thangadurai, R., Vennila, M.A., 2024. Advancing Animal Husbandry Practices through Front Line Demonstrations for Improved Livestock and Fodder Management in Dharmapuri District. Research Biotica 6(3), 121-124. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/121-124.

Effect of Drip Irrigation and Nano Zinc Oxide Biofortification on Yield Formation of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Sandy Loam Soil

Kalipada Pramanik — Tue, 24 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST

The combination of sufficient irrigation and balanced nutrition methods leads to higher crop yields of the grains. An experiment was performed to assess the impact of several drip irrigation schedules, viz., DI₁: once-in-2 days, DI₂: once-in-3 days, DI₃: once-in-4 days and DI₄: surface flooding method (farmers' practice), alongside agronomic biofortification of zinc, viz., Zn₀: no zinc treatment, Zn₁: soil application of zinc sulphate at 20 kg ha^-1, Zn₂: foliar application of nano zinc oxide at 40 ppm, Zn₃: seed priming with zinc oxide at 40 ppm and Zn₄: seed coating with nano zinc oxide at 40 ppm on yield-contributing parameters and grain production of maize during the summer seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the Agricultural Farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal. The heightened frequency of drip irrigation programs markedly enhanced yield components and elevated maize grain yield. Biofortification of nano zinc oxide as seed coating enhanced yield parameters and grain yield. Correlation studies pointed out that grain numbers row^-1, length of cob, girth of cob, weight of cob and seed weight cob^-1 were highly significant and positively correlated with grain yield except number of grains-rows cob^-1. Results also revealed that a highly positive and significant correlation was obtained between grain yield with seed weight cob^-1 (0.744^*** and 0.867^***) during 2022 as well as 2023. It is rational to conclude that number of grains row^-1, cob length, cob weight and seed weight cob^-1 are the major contributors towards grain yield since these characters had high positive correlation.

How to Cite

Pramanik, K., Aktar, S.N., Dhakre, D.S., et al., 2024. Effect of Drip Irrigation and Nano Zinc Oxide Biofortification on Yield Formation of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Sandy Loam Soil. Research Biotica 6(3), 113-120. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/113-120.

Effect of Phosphorus in Alleviating Arsenic Toxicity in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under Hydroponic System

Arghya Chattopadhyay — Tue, 17 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST

In this experiment, effects of phosphorus (P) in reducing arsenic (As) uptake in paddy were studied under hydroponic system. The result recorded non-significance effect of As over number of leaves of rice. There was a considerable decrease in shoot height, shoot fresh weight and dry weight. Addition of 40 ppm P improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight, significantly. N and K content, were improved with increased P application. Highest shoot P content of 0.38% and shoot K content of 1.75% were recorded in treatment T_9.A similar pattern was also found for rice root, where highest P content of 0.49% and K content of 2.86% were recorded in treatment T_9. Highest shoot As of 931 μg kg^-1 and root As of 1.61 mg kg^-1were found in the treatment T₁. Addition of 40 ppm P significantly lowered the shoot As content to 548.67 μg kg^-1 which was 69.68% decrease and 2.09 times decrease in root As was found as compared to control (treatment T₁). Finally, external application of 40 ppm P has ameliorating effect over As toxicity and significantly reduce As content in rice.

How to Cite

Chattopadhyay, A., Singh, A.P., Mondal, T., 2024. Effect of Phosphorus in Alleviating Arsenic Toxicity in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under Hydroponic System. Research Biotica 6(3), 106-112. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/106-112.

An Overview of the Uptake Mechanism of Silicon and Its Importance in Increasing Yield and Salt Stress Alleviation in Crops

Sagardeep Sinha — Thu, 05 Sep 2024 00:00:00 IST

Although present in huge abundance in the earth’s crust, the availability of silicon (Si) is very low in soil. But it imparts manifolds benefits on soil and plant health like increasing the yield of crops, stabilization of soil characteristics etc. The uptake of Si in soil and plant is mediated by certain carrier proteins which are present in the root of the crops. Mostly, the Poaceae crops are the efficient users of Si. A major impact of Si in crops is the remediation of biotic and abiotic stress. Globally, salt stress poses a serious hazard to plant development. Numerous studies have been conducted utilizing physiological, molecular genetics and genomic-based techniques in order to investigate the possible mechanisms to regulate the salinity stress through Si application. These studies were carried out in order to get a better understanding of the processes involved. Clarifying silicon's mitigating effects on oxidative stress, Na toxicity and salt-induced osmotic stress has advanced recently. The behavior of silicon in the soil, the processes by which it is absorbed and the function that it plays in plants in the process of warding off salt stress in plants are the primary topics of discussion in this article.

How to Cite

Sinha, S., Sinha, A.K., 2024. An Overview of the Uptake Mechanism of Silicon and Its Importance in Increasing Yield and Salt Stress Alleviation in Crops. Research Biotica 6(3), 99-105. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/99-105.

Impact of Agroforestry on Soil Fertility in a Natural Farming System

L. Chanu Langlentombi — Mon, 26 Aug 2024 00:00:00 IST

This work examines the effects of sole turmeric and turmeric intercropped with tree along with mulching under the Natural Farming system on soils nutrients level and physical properties of the soils at depths of 0 to 15 cm and 15 to 30 cm. The experimental plot was laid out at hill terrace with RBD design. The research specifically centers on the status of soil health in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, bulk density and pH. It was established that intercropping significantly improved soil nitrogen, potassium and organic carbon levels at both within the soils layer as compared to sole turmeric cultivation. Nitrogen levels increased to 336.88 kg ha^-1 and 323.42 kg ha^-1 in the intercropped system at the depths of the soils 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, respectively, while potassium levels and organic carbon were also noted to increase in the intercropped system which showed good potential soil fertility. However, there was no significant difference in the phosphorous content, bulk density and the pH between the two farming system. These findings suggested that intercropped turmeric with tree along with mulching improves soil fertility, promoting better soil health and potentially greater crop yield.

How to Cite

Langlentombi, L.C., 2024. Impact of Agroforestry on Soil Fertility in a Natural Farming System. Research Biotica 6(3), 95-98. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.3.2024/95-98.

Vehicular Emission Scenarios in Selected Regions of India as per Vehicular Emission Norms

Sandhiya Lakshmanan — Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST

The transport sector is a major contributor to pollution. India has put in place Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES) to reduce air pollution caused by the road transport sector. The present study addresses the emission patterns of Light and Heavy Duty Vehicles in India across various BSES (BS-III, IV and VI). The emissions of pollutants such as VOC, NO_x, PM_2.5, CO and BC for the years 2013-2021 are estimated for both LDV and HDV functioning under BS-III, IV and VI norms. By analyzing variables such as vehicle characteristics and environmental factors, the study determines unique emission trends in selected states in the Plain, Eastern Himalaya and Himalaya and Trans-Himalaya areas. Notably, the Plain region's high population density and commercial activity make it a significant pollution producer. The results revealed that all the regions exhibited an overall increase in emissions till 2018 and after that emissions started declining. Significant reductions in VOC, PM_2.5, NO_x, CO and BC emissions are revealed by the switch to stringent BS standards, highlighting the benefits of cleaner fuels and cutting-edge engine technologies.

How to Cite

Lakshmanan, S., Upadhayay, A., 2024. Vehicular Emission Scenarios in Selected Regions of India as per Vehicular. Research Biotica 6(2), 87-94. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/87-94.

Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and FT-IR Analysis of Artemisia annua (L.) Varieties from Nigeria, China and Brazil: Insights into Bioactive Compounds and Functional Group Diversity

Yusuf A.M. — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST

This study presents a comprehensive phytochemical screening of three varieties of A. annua sourced from Nigeria, China and Brazil. Utilizing GC-MS and FT-IR techniques, the phytochemical composition and functional groups of each variety were analyzed. GC-MS analysis identified 38, 31 and 48 compounds in the Nigerian, Brazilian and Chinese varieties, respectively, highlighting a diverse array of bioactive compounds. FT-IR analysis revealed complex phytochemical profiles for the Brazilian and Nigerian varieties, indicating the existence of aromatics, alkanes, hydroxyl groups’, ketones, alkenes and esters. The FT-IR spectra for the Nigerian and Chinese varieties indicated additional functional groups, including nitro compounds and thiols, not observed in the Brazillian variety. Despite these differences, all varieties exhibited common functional groups’ like C-O, C-H and C=O stretches, suggesting that hydrocarbons, oxygen containing compounds and carbonyl groups’ were present. This comparative research offers significant understanding into the diversity of phytochemicals present in A. annua across different geographical locations, underpinning its potential pharmacological and medicinal applications.

How to Cite

Yusuf, A.M., Umar, A.M., Eberemu, N.C., et al., 2024. Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and FT-IR Analysis of Artemisia annua (L.) Varieties from Nigeria, China and Brazil: Insights into Bioactive Compounds and Functional Group Diversity. Research Biotica 6(2), 74-86. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/74-86.

Integrated based Nutrient Management on Nutrient Content and Nutrient Availability under Aromatic Rice-(Aromatic)-Lentil Cropping System

Punabati Heisnam — Sun, 09 Jun 2024 00:00:00 IST

Management of nutrients by integrating is becoming an important issue after targeting on justifiable crop production. With this view point, a field experiment was undertaken at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal during the kharif and rabi season of 2016-17 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of integrated sources of nitrogen management in the performance of rice varieties (aromatic) and their lingering effects on the sequential lentil crop. Among the two varieties, nutrient content studies revealed that variety Gobindobhog recorded the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content compared to Kalonunia variety relating to root, shoot and grain. Conversely, the plot transplanted with Kalonunia had a higher residual effect on the yield attributes and yields of the succeeding lentil crop. In this experiment pooled analysis showed that the plot treated with 50% N using fertilizer + 50% N using vermicompost (T₆), 50% N using fertilizer + 25% N using vermicompost + 25% N using FYM (T₈) and 75% N using fertilizer + 25% N using vermicompost (T₉) recorded highest or at par nutrient content of rice plant. For the lentil plant, the plot receiving the residual effect of 50% N using fertilizer + 25% N using vermicompost + 25% N using FYM (T₈) observed maximum nutrient content. The lowest was recorded in control plot. Highest yield efficacy of aromatic rice was found in the plot treated with 50% N using fertilizer + 50% N using vermicompost (T₆) and highest lentil yield was recorded in a plot fertilized with 50% N using fertilizer + 50% N using FYM (T₇), respectively.

How to Cite

Heisnam, P., Moirangthem, A., Devi, D.K., et al., 2024. Integrated based Nutrient Management on Nutrient Content and Nutrient Availability under Aromatic Rice-(Aromatic)-Lentil Cropping System. Research Biotica 6(2), 63-73. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/63-73.

Composition and Diversity of Aquatic Insects of Majuli River Island of Assam

Shimantini Borkataki — Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 IST

The composition and diversity of aquatic insect was studied at Majuli river island during 2016-18. The occurrence of 48 species under 6 orders and 20 families was observed during surveys conducted in pre monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons covering 3 locations, 15 villages and 60 sampling sites. Odonata (47.92%) was the most dominant order with 23 species followed by 9 species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera with 18.75% abundance and Ephemeroptera (3 species, 6.25% abundance). While studying the diversity indices, the highest aquatic insect species were registered in Lower Majuli (29 species) followed by Upper Majuli (24 species) and Central Majuli (17 species). Highest Shannon-Weiner Index (H'=3.156), Simpson Index of Diversity (1-D=0.983) and Evenness (E_H=0.983) were recorded during monsoon season in Upper Majuli, whereas the lowest Shannon-Weiner Index (H'=2.341), Simpson Index of Diversity (1-D=0.913) and Evenness (E_H=0.860) were registered during winter in Central Majuli.

How to Cite

Borkataki, S., Bhattacharyya, B., Taye, R.R., 2024. Composition and Diversity of Aquatic Insects of Majuli River Island of Assam. Research Biotica 6(2), 52-62. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/52-62.

Azolla as a Nutrient-Rich Feed Supplement for Livestock: Enhancing Health and Productivity

Arjun Kumar Agarwal — Thu, 16 May 2024 00:00:00 IST

Azolla, an aquatic fern rich in nutrients, has attracted attention for its potential as a good feed additive for animals. Azolla, a tiny aquatic fern, is an excellent source of nutrients for cattle feed supplements. It has a low lignin content that facilitates easy digestion and high amount of protein, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Its mutual relationship with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae further increases its protein content, making it one of the richest alternative protein sources (25-30% protein). Incorporating Azolla into livestock diets offers numerous benefits. Its high digestibility and favorable amino acid profile promote efficient nutrient utilization, resulting in improved feed conversion ratios and reduced feed costs. Studies have demonstrated that Azolla supplementation can increase feed efficiency, average daily gain, milk production (15-20% increase) and overall productivity in various livestock species, including cattle, poultry, sheep, goats and fish. Azolla cultivation is a sustainable and cost-effective practice, as it can be grown in freshwater bodies with low input requirements. Its nitrogen-fixing capabilities and potential as a biofertilizer further contribute to sustainable agriculture practices. Additionally, Azolla farming presents entrepreneurial opportunities by providing a consistent supply of high-quality feed while aligning with the growing demand for organic and sustainable agricultural products. Overall, Azolla holds significant importance as a nutrient-dense feed supplement in the livestock sector, contributing to improved animal health, enhanced productivity, reduced production costs and the promotion of sustainable farming practices.

How to Cite

Agarwal, A.K., Kalakar, A., Mishra, P., et al., 2024. Azolla as a Nutrient-Rich Feed Supplement for Livestock: Enhancing Health and Productivity. Research Biotica 6(2), 46-51. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/46-51.

Arms Race of Melanogenic Actinobacteria Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus against Mulberry Root Rot Pathogens

Saratha M. — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 00:00:00 IST

Mulberry (Morus indica L.), is an astounding multipurpose woody, deciduous crop grown all over the world. Due to pathogens that cause root rot diseases in mulberry have a major impact on intensive crop cultivation and commercial cocoon production. Notably, it has been found that these pathogens affect healthy mulberry plantations regardless of their age, variety that grown in wide-ranging soil and agro-climatic conditions. To manage the pathogens, two potent melanogenic actinobacteria Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus isolated from mulberry rhizosphere with few extremophilic characteristics were identified in the previous study. Their antagonism towards these pathogens exhibited through a variety of phenomena. The chemical fingerprints of bioactive isolates revealed the presence of more than 30 compounds for each. Advantageously, smaller molecules were found to be the majority of them. Important bioactive inhibitory compounds including, 2,4-DTBP, binapacryl, decanoic acid groups, 1-hydroxy-6-methylphenazine, etc. were identified through GC-MS. In addition to evidence of antifungal metabolites there were also found traces of anti-bacterial, allelopathic compounds with other antioxidants and flavonoid compounds. The current work thus sheds light on the antifungal potency of melanogenic isolates, which has been unexplored/ poorly analyzed.

How to Cite

Saratha, M., Angappan, K., 2024. Arms Race of Melanogenic Actinobacteria Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus against Mulberry Root Rot Pathogens. Research Biotica 6(2), 38-45. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.2.2024/38-45.

Influence of Abiotic Factors on Pest Dynamics in Rapeseed Mustard

Pradip Kumar Patel — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST

The study identified four key insect pests in mustard crop, i.e., mustard sawfly, mustard aphid, cabbage butterfly and painted bug. These pests have been shown to cause significant crop loss at different growth phases. During the crop’s vegetative stage, the highest prevalence of mustard sawfly was observed at the 47^th SMW (2.10 grubs plant^-1). There was positive relationship with maximum temperature (r=0.460^*) and negative correlation with maximum RH (r=0.568^*). The peak aphid population occurred during the 5^th SMW (126.90 aphids per 10 cm central twig plant) at siliqua formation stage. Notably, aphids exhibited a positive association with Coccinella spp. and syrphid flies (r=0.780^** and r=0.805^**, respectively). The cabbage butterfly’s maximal density was detected during the sixth SMW (2.40 larvae plant^-1). It demonstrated a substantial negative association with maximum temperature (r=-0.632^*) and a positive correlation with both minimum and maximum RH (r=0.721^** and r=0.455^*, respectively). The maximum occurrence of the painted bug was observed during the eighth SMW (3.00 bugs plant^-1), but no significant link with meteorological factors was found.

How to Cite

Patel, P.K., Singh, S.K., Sharma, K.R., 2024. Influence of Abiotic Factors on Pest Dynamics in Rapeseed Mustard. Research Biotica 6(1), 33-37. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/33-37.

Effectiveness of Abundance and Distribution of Benthos in Aquatic Ecosystem

Shuvrodeb Biswas — Thu, 21 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST

Benthic organisms have a great ecological impact in any aquatic ecosystem. The study was done at Rush River under Khulna region, Bangladesh to enhance the effectiveness of abundance for aquatic eco-system. The study was conducted at two different stations such as fresh area and processing plan area of Rush River from July to December of last three years. The investigation was connected with different months, the abundance-distribution of benthos varied and effects of pH on salinity and alkalinity of the river water has been propounded in this article to enhance ecosystem of benthos living. Arthropods were also found in relatively low in number both the fresh and polluted area relatively to the Mollusks. The Mollusks distribution increases up to 77% from June to October in Fresh area but at Polluted area, it reduces 28% than fresh area. Annelid at June-September and October is same but on July-August it’s become higher at both type of water. Arthropods reduce 33.3% from June to October in Fresh area but in polluted area it is very rare.

How to Cite

Biswas, S., Chakrabarty, M., Mallick, B., 2024. Effectiveness of Abundance and Distribution of Benthos in Aquatic Ecosystem. Research Biotica 6(1), 28-32. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/28-32.

Value and Prospects of Moringa oleifera as Non-Conventional Feedstuff in Livestock Production: A Review

Adeyinka Oye Akintunde — Fri, 08 Mar 2024 00:00:00 IST

There is need to improve livestock production in Africa and developing countries across the world, to combat dietary animal protein insufficiency. Moringa oleifera is a fast growing plant that thrives well in almost all climatic conditions and is proven to contain high levels of protein (26% in dried leaf), vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals which have antioxidant, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and other properties and show a lot of prospects for organic agriculture, particularly in the current climate of consumer ambivalence about use of synthetic antibiotics and other additives in the livestock industry. The leaves have been proven to contain all the essential amino acids, the anti-nutritional factors are minimal and it is a proven hypocholesterolemic agent; it therefore has good potential for use particularly in poultry and swine production towards satisfying animal protein and mineral requirements and for satisfying consumer demand for lean meat. Whole seed and its components have desirable but largely untested properties for animal feeding, as does leaf stalk (rich in fibre, minerals and desirable phytochemicals). Woody stem is a potential source of bactericidal/ bacteriostatic bedding/ litter and when combusted may augment traditional fuels for supplying heat for brooding chicks or general heating of livestock housing in colder climes. Scientists should therefore be encouraged to research and demonstrate safety and effectiveness of Moringa oleifera products and by-products in animal agriculture and equally, crop farmers should be encouraged to take up moringa farming to enlarge supply and lower price per unit which is a critical requirement for its adoption in animal farming.

How to Cite

Akintunde, A.O., Ndubuisi-Ogbonna, L.C., Shobo, B.A., et al., 2024. Value and Prospects of Moringa oleifera as Non-Conventional Feedstuff in Livestock Production: A Review. Research Biotica 6(1), 17-27. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/17-27.

Evaluation of Maize Hybrids under Rainfed Condition in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal

S. Biswas — Sat, 24 Feb 2024 00:00:00 IST

At Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya's District Seed Farm (AB-Block), Kalyani during the 2020 kharif season, a experiment in the field was taken to study the performance of maize hybrids and to study crop yield and adaptability of maize hybrids. Four replications of the experiment were conducted using a Randomized Block Design and six maize hybrids (DKC 9144, DKC 7204, DKC 8181, P3396, Kaveri 50 and Yuvraj). The experiment's findings showed that the maize hybrid DKC 9144 recorded the highest growth attribute like plant height (252.67 cm) and characters related to yield attributing include 100 seed weight (41.67 g), grains row^-1(43.00) and grain rows cob^-1 (13.97). Highest grain yield (9.06 t ha^-1), stover yield (10.99 t ha^-1) and harvest index (47.80) were obtained by maize hybrid DKC 9144 than other maize hybrids. Lowest growth character (plant height), yield attributing characters (Grain rows cob^-1, Grains row^-1 and 100 seed weight), yields (Grain yield and Stover yield) and harvest index of maize were recorded by Kaveri 50 hybrid. According to the experimental findings, cultivating the hybrid maize variety DKC 9144 under rainfed conditions in new alluvial zone of West Bengal is advised in order to maximise the output of farmers.

How to Cite

Biswas, S., Saha, A., 2024. Evaluation of Maize Hybrids under Rainfed Condition in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. Research Biotica 6(1), 13-16. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/13-16.

Principal Component Analysis of Egg Parameters in Yoruba Ecotype, Sussex and Their Cross Bred Chickens

Abimbola Alice Ademola — Sat, 10 Feb 2024 00:00:00 IST

The egg parameters of Yoruba Ecotype Chicken (YEC), Sussex (SS) and their cross-bred chickens in the humid tropical region of Nigeria were assessed using principal component analysis. The study used 223 eggs, of which 124 YEC and 99 Sussex eggs were collected. Weekly data on the internal and external egg qualities of the hens were gathered using a vernier caliper, measuring tape and digital scale balance. The data acquired by dimension reduction with factor analysis were subjected to principal component analysis and the SPSS statistical package version 21 was also used to correlate the parameters pertaining to egg qualities. The strains' positive correlation with the traits related to egg quality indicated that PC 1 accounted for the largest portion of the overall variation in the characteristics of eggs. In YEC × YEC, 3PCs with high positive loading for egg width, egg number, egg length and shell thickness best described the characteristics of the egg quality. The characteristics of external quality (egg weight, egg width, shell thickness and shell weight) best characterized strain SS × SS. Comparably, strain SS × YEC was characterized by its external traits, whereas strain YEC × SS was characterized by its internal and external traits related to egg quality. It is concluded from this study that crossbreeding of YEC and SS can introduce variation, leading to a mix of internal and external quality characteristics of eggs. This information can be valuable for breeders who can select breeding pairs based on desired egg quality traits.

How to Cite

Ademola, A.A., Fayeye, T.R., Akintunde, A.O., et al., 2024. Principal Component Analysis of Egg Parameters in Yoruba Ecotype, Sussex and Their Cross Bred Chickens. Research Biotica 6(1), 07-12. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/07-12.

Feeding and Reproductive Ecology of Rodents: A Review

K. Sindhura Bhairavi — Thu, 25 Jan 2024 00:00:00 IST

Rodents are the most populous and widespread vertebrate pest of agriculture. It is a major cause of crop losses in fields and storage grains resulting in huge economic losses annually. Despite its huge economic importance, little is known about the pest in terms of its habitat, feeding habits, reproduction patterns and population dynamics. Due to the lack of proper knowledge, rodents are one of the most difficult pests to control in the agro-ecosystems. The management practices that exist are mostly chemo-centric and are often unreliable in controlling the populations. Hence, to develop efficient management strategies, it is important to gain a better insight into the ecology of rodents, both feeding and reproductive. This paper attempts to discuss the feeding and reproductive ecology of rodents, specifically but not limited to the agro-ecosystem.

How to Cite

Bhairavi, K.S., Borah, R.K., Bhattacharyya, B., et al., 2024. Feeding and Reproductive Ecology of Rodents: A Review. Research Biotica 6(1), 01-06. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/6.1.2024/01-06.

Effects of Betacyfluthrin + Imidacloprid OD (Solomon) against Major Plant Hoppers on Rice Ecosystem in Burdwan, West Bengal

Sourav Sen — Sat, 23 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three distinct levels of concentration of Betacyfluthrin 90 g l^-1 + Imidacloprid 210 g l^-1 OD (Solomon) (45 g a.i. ha^-1, 60 g a.i. ha^-1and 75 g a.i. ha^-1) during kharif 2020 and 2021 against major plant hoppers of rice. White backed plant hopper (Sogatella furcifera) and Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) were found as major plant hoppers on rice field. Solomon @ 75 g a.i. ha^-1 was recorded significantly efficient against BPH and WBPH in both crop seasons (kharif 2020 and kharif 2021) with highest reduction over control (80.42% & 76.22% and 79.65% & 83.54%, respectively). A noticeably increased yield of rice grains was observed in case of Solomon @ 75 g a.i. ha^-1 treatment than in control plot in kharif 2020 (73.78 q ha^-1) and kharif 2021 (68.03 q ha^-1). Although the natural enemy population in the plots that were treated with Solomon @ 10-30 g a.i. ha^-1had no significant negative impact than the untreated control and other treated plots.

How to Cite

Sen, S., Patel, L.C., 2023. Effects of Betacyfluthrin + Imidacloprid OD (Solomon) against Major Plant Hoppers on Rice Ecosystem in Burdwan, West Bengal. Research Biotica 5(4), 162-168. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/162-168.

Characterization of Traditional Rice Varieties for Leaf Blast Resistant Genes Pi5, Pi54, Pi9 and Pi2 using Gene Specific Markers

A. Shanmugam — Wed, 13 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST

Magnaporthe oryzae poses a serious risk to rice growing regions worldwide. To combat this, future breeding efforts that aim to develop resistant varieties will need to identify and screen blast-resistant cultivars from existing germplasms. Thus, present study aimed to identify four major blast resistant genes (Pi54, Pi5, Pi2 and Pi9) in 20 traditional rice varieties using functional and linked markers. Results of the present study identified that fifteen traditional rice landraces were found to possess at least one resistant gene and three traditional landraces (Aanaikomban, Chenellu and Jai Sri Ram) had two resistant genes. These identified traditional rice landraces could be used as promising donor against rice blast disease for future rice breeding programmes to develop superior cultivars.

How to Cite

Shanmugam, A., Suresh, R., Ramanathan, A., et al., 2023. Characterization of Traditional Rice Varieties for Leaf Blast Resistant Genes Pi5, Pi54, Pi9 and Pi2 using Gene Specific Markers. Research Biotica 5(4), 158-161. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/158-161.

Host Reaction of Some Local Tomato Varieties against Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood

Shanowly Mondal (Ghosh) — Sat, 02 Dec 2023 00:00:00 IST

An experiment was conducted for the investigations on screening on different local tomato varieties against RKN, Meloidogyne incognita under net house conditions during the year 2021-22. Out of thirty-five varieties only four (Abhimanyu, HY- Rocky, HY- 1276 and HY-Red Boar) were found to be moderately resistant to the nematode having root gall index between 2.1 to 3.0. Twenty-one varieties were found to be susceptible having root gall index between 3.1 to 4.0, but the remaining varieties were quite vulnerable to the nematode having root gall index between 4.1 to 5.0. Additionally, it was discovered that, in comparison to the other tomato types, Amlan and HY-3682 (Special) had the most gall infestation. All the varieties showed significant differences in their responses or reactions to root-knot nematodes from moderately resistant to vulnerable.

How to Cite

Mondal (Ghosh), S., Sardar, B.S., Amit Gope, A., et al., 2023. Host Reaction of Some Local Tomato Varieties against Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Research Biotica 5(4), 153-157. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/153-157.

Population Fluctuation of Gram Pod Borer in Rabi Pulses of West Bengal

Soumita Bera — Thu, 23 Nov 2023 00:00:00 IST

During the rabi season of 2021-22, a field research has been carried out at BCKV [District Seed Farm (AB Block)] Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal for studying the pattern of incidence of gram pod borer or tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubn.) in relation with prevailing meteorological parameters and to record the population fluctuation in four rabi pulse crops, viz., chickpea (var. KWR 108 and JAKI 9218), fieldpea (var. Rachna and VL 42), lentil (var. IPL 220 and L 4727) and grasspea (var. Prateek and Ratan). During the vegetative stage of the fieldpea, the Helicoverpa population first emerged, then gradually increased and declined near maturity; in lentil and grasspea it was recorded from flowering stage and persisted until maturity; in chickpea it was noticed from pod formation stage and continued up to maturity. None of the weather variables were significantly correlated with the Helicoverpa larvae population recorded on fieldpea and lentil while, regression studies denote that maximum (Max. T) and minimum (Min. T) temperature exhibited the most impact on the occurrence of Helicoverpa in grasspea and chickpea, respectively. The comparative study revealed that, Helicoverpa first appeared on lentil and field pea during the first week of January; then population appeared on grasspea during the end of second fortnight of January. Occurrence of the pest was noticed on lentil, field pea and grasspea in January and February and after that the population shifted to grasspea, fieldpea and chickpea during February to March. Chickpea was the most preferred crop as the highest population observed on this crop coinciding with pod formation stage.

How to Cite

Bera, S., Ray, S., Banerjee, A., 2023. Population Fluctuation of Gram Pod Borer in Rabi Pulses of West Bengal. Research Biotica 5(4), 145-152. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/145-152.

Influence of Different Planting Dates on the Occurrence of Key Pests Affecting Blackgram in the Lower Gangetic Alluvial Plain of West Bengal

A. Banerjee — Sun, 12 Nov 2023 00:00:00 IST

A field oriented experiment was executed over two consecutive summer months in 2019 and 2020 to study the influence of sowing dates of blackgram or urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) on the population fluctuation of its major pests viz., flower infesting thrips (Megalurothrips sp.) and spotted pod borer or legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fabr.). The blackgram variety PU 31 was sown on three different dates, with ten days apart specifically, on the 14^th of March, 24^th of March and 3^rd of April each year, representing early, medium and late sown crops. The experiment recorded fewer incidences of flower thrips in late-sown crop (population of 2.56 per 10 flowers in first year and 1.22 in second year) than early crop (4.71 and 2.42 in those years, respectively), while higher incidences of pod borer was recorded in late-sown crop (larval population of 2.49 plant^-1in first year and 2.58 in second year) than early crop (0.69 and 0.42 in those years, respectively). Given that early and late-sown crops attract more thrips and pod borers, respectively, it may be recommended to sow black gram during the last week of March, especially in the lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

How to Cite

Banerjee, A., Ray, S., 2023. Influence of Different Planting Dates on the Occurrence of Key Pests Affecting Blackgram in the Lower Gangetic Alluvial Plain of West Bengal. Research Biotica 5(4), 139-144. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/139-144.

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Crop Protection

M. Pratheepa — Wed, 25 Oct 2023 00:00:00 IST

In the era of 21^st century, agriculture is facing many challenges now-a-days to feed the world population. The population growth is increasing day by day and it expected to cross 10 billion by 2050. Agriculture farming plays significant role in growth of Indian economy. India stands second in farm production all over the world. After the green revolution, India face production loss with an estimate of US$ 36 billion. The agriculture production decreases mainly because of insect pests, diseases and weeds in important agricultural crops. Hence, there is a need of transition in farming system to adopt advanced and innovative technologies for more and sustainable production. In recent years Artificial intelligence gained popularity in agriculture and provides solutions in several areas like big data analysis, pest and disease forewarning models, mobile applications in IPM, Information and ICT based crop-advisory system, insect detection, pest and disease identification, etc. In the proposed paper, AI based applications discussed in detail to provide insights into innovative technologies and pave the way for knowledge dissemination and adoption of AI based technologies for more effective crop production and protection.

How to Cite

Pratheepa, M., Subaharan, K., Varshney, R., et al., 2023. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Crop Protection. Research Biotica 5(4), 132-138. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.4.2023/132-138.

Seasonal Incidence of Different Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies in Tomato Ecosystem

Tanjil Rahman — Fri, 29 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST

A field investigation was carried out to analyze the seasonal incidence of different insect pests and their natural enemies in tomato ecosystem along with their correlation with weather parameters from December, 2020 to April, 2021. A total number of 10 insect pests and 11 natural enemies were documented throughout the season. Among those insect pests recorded, tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera was the major one (49.91% relative abundance) followed by aphid, Aphis gossypii (18.62%), serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (16.20%) and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (7.33%). Among the natural enemies, coccinellids were found abundantly and Coccinella transversalis recorded the highest relative abundance of 26.77% followed by Cheilomenes propinqua (10.23%), Cheilomenes sexmaculata (10.23%) and Coccinella septempunctata (9.44%). The findings of the experiment indicated that the maximum population of Helicoverpa armigera and L. trifolii was observed on the 10^th SMW. While in case of A. gossypii it was observed on the 7^th SMW respectively. The correlation between insect infestations and meteorological conditions demonstrated that the min temp. showed notable positive correlation with H. armigera and Aphis gossypii population and considerable negative correlation with L. trifolii. The max temp. showed noteworthy negative correlation with L. trifolii and Aphis gossypii. The morning relative humidity was found to possess significant positive correlation with L. trifolii and negative correlation with H. armigera. The evening relative humidity showed negative correlation with L. trifolii and Aphis gossypii. The study's findings provide a clear picture of the level of harm caused by insect pests in addition to helping us anticipate the seasonal occurrence of these pests for the purposes of pest monitoring and management.

How to Cite

Rahman, T., Devee, A., Dutta, P., 2023. Seasonal Incidence of Different Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies in Tomato Ecosystem. Research Biotica 5(3), 122-131. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/122-131.

Effect of Sulfuric Acid Scarification followed by Organic Mulching for Papaya Seedling Growth and Development, in Pot Culture

Serma Saren — Sat, 16 Sep 2023 00:00:00 IST

A major obstacle to the development of papaya seeds is the aril, or sarcotesta, which is present in papaya and results in low and sluggish germination. Hence sulfuric acid was applied in order to evaluate its scarifying effect and materials like rice bran, wood chips and saw dust were used as organic mulching material for further facilitating the process of seed germination. The experiment was consisted of seven treatments and each treatment had 3 replications. The treatments were T₁ (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Saw dust mulching), T₂ (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Wood chips), T₃ (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Rice bran mulching), T₄ (sulphuric acid scarification for 30 sec + Saw dust), T₅ (sulphuric acid scarification for 30 sec + Wood chips), T₆ (scarification for 30 sec + Rice bran) and T₇ control (water). Experiment was carried on completely randomized design. Total leaf count and their length, number of rootlets, plant height, length of roots, germination percentage and chlorophyll content were the parameters which were observed in periodic intervals of seedling growth. From the entire experiment it can be stated that, acid scarification and use of organic mulches proved good for the papaya seedling development. However, amongst the various treatments, sulphuric acid scarification for one minute with use of wood chips as an organic mulch material was best, documenting proper results for the different attributes.

How to Cite

Saren, S., Das, A., 2023. Effect of Sulfuric Acid Scarification followed by Organic Mulching for Papaya Seedling Growth and Development, in Pot Culture. Research Biotica 5(3), 117-121. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/117-121.

Biopriming of Tomato Seeds with Native Trichoderma Species for Enhanced Seedlings Vigour

Dipankar Mandal — Wed, 23 Aug 2023 00:00:00 IST

The present research was carried out to investigate the effect of tomato seed biopriming using six native Trichoderma isolates under laboratory conditions. The seeds of tomato were primed in Trichoderma isolates and as a control treatment seeds were treated in sterile distilled water. It was observed that all the six native Trichoderma isolates showed good performance with respect to growth, germination percentage and vigour index of tomato seedlings as compared to control. Among the different Trichoderma isolates tested, T₅ isolate showed highest shoot growth (5.44 cm), root growth (3.74 cm), germination percentage (90.0%) and seedling vigour index (826.37) followed by T₄ isolate. The lowest shoot growth (4.22 cm), root growth (3.07 cm), germination percentage (56.7%) and seedling vigour index (412.70) were recorded in untreated control.

How to Cite

Mandal, D., Rini Pal, R., Mohapatra, S., 2023. Biopriming of Tomato Seeds with Native Trichoderma Species for Enhanced Seedlings Vigour. Research Biotica 5(3), 113-116. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/113-116.

Development of Low Cost Artificial Diet for Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematode, Heterorhabditis indica a Strain ICRI EPN-18

P. Thiyagarajan — Tue, 08 Aug 2023 00:00:00 IST

Eight different diets were compared for maximum production of entomopathogenic nematode infected Galleria cadavers with cheaper/ low cost in the laboratory. Among eight artificial diet composition tried, low grade milk powder 100 g, low grade glycerin 100 ml, honey 100 ml, corn flour 200 g, wheat bran 100 g, wheat flour 100 g and yeast 50 g produced almost maximum Galleria larvae with EPN infected cadavers and EPN infective juveniles (IJs) with cheaper cost while, the diet containing, ragi powder 100 g instead of milk powder, honey 100 ml, high grade glycerin 100 ml, corn flour 200 g, wheat bran 100 g, wheat flour 100 g and yeast 50 g produced least number of EPN infected Galleria cadavers and EPN IJs. Among the diet compositions, sugar solution 100 ml instead of honey along with other ingredients used, did not emerge or produce larvae from the Galleria eggs.

How to Cite

Thiyagarajan, P., Varna, M., Ansar Ali, M.A., Rema Shree, A.B., 2023. Development of low cost artificial diet for mass production of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis indica a strain ICRI EPN-18. Plant Health Archives 1(2), 34-36. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/34-36.

Effect of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Phosphorus Harvest Index of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Various Levels of Phosphorus Fertilization

Manoj Kumar — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 00:00:00 IST

The possible alteration in plant growth, productivity and phosphorus (P) demand of wheat under rising atmospheric CO₂ and temperature is expected to influence the partitioning of P to different plant parts of wheat. A phytotron experiment was conducted to study the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ (650 µmol mol^-1) and elevated temperature (ambient + 3 °C) on phosphorus harvest index of wheat at various levels (control, 100% and 200% of recommended P) of P fertilization. While there was a slight increase (5.6%) in P harvest index of wheat under elevated CO₂, the reverse trend (12.7% decline) was observed under elevated temperature with no consistent effect at various levels of P fertilization. Interestingly, there was a moderate decline (7.7%) in P harvest index of wheat under combined elevation of CO₂ and temperature as compared to their ambient combination. The results suggest that temperature could be the dominant factor as compared to the atmospheric CO₂ in deciding the overall impact of projected increase in atmospheric CO₂ and temperature on P harvest index of wheat. As there is logically possible relationship between P harvest index of wheat and various physical and nutritional qualities of wheat grains such as grain Zn and Fe content and their bio-availability, grain protein content, seedling vigour, etc., the decline in wheat’s P harvest index under projected levels of CO₂ and temperature in our study underscores the need of undertaking elaborate experimentations to investigate the probable effects of climate change on quality parameters associated with P harvest index of wheat.

How to Cite

Kumar, M., 2023. Effect of Elevated CO₂ and Temperature on Phosphorus Harvest Index of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Various Levels of Phosphorus Fertilization. Research Biotica 5(3), 107-112. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/107-112.

Isolation and Characterization of the Incitant of Leaf Spot of Turmeric and in-vitro Efficacy of Native Isolate of Endophytic Bacteria

Madhusmita Mahanta — Sun, 30 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

Turmeric, Curcuma longa L. is an important commercial spice crop cultivated in Meghalaya covering 2,649 ha area with 16,497 MT productions. However, the turmeric cultivation is severely affected by leaf spot disease limiting its yield. So, the present study was conducted to identify the pathogen associated with leaf spot disease of turmeric as well as to check the efficiency of bacterial endophytes in managing the disease. Based on the morphological and cultural studies, six isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were identified as the causal organism of leaf spot disease of turmeric. The isolates on PDA medium produced white to grey fluffy (raised/ flat) cottony culture with serrated margin. All the isolates produced dark brown acervuli and globular conidia with oil globules inside. Five bacterial endophytes viz., BE 1, BE 222, M1W1, NGB21 and SVC 11 were tested against C. gloeosporioides by using dual culture assay. They were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides in the range of 35.82-68.11%. The highest percent inhibition in dual culture assay was recorded in the isolate NGB 21 (68.11%) followed by isolate BE1 (59.89%).

How to Cite:

Mahanta, M., Rajesh, T., Dutta, P., 2023. Isolation and characterization of the incitant of leaf spot of turmeric and in-vitro efficacy of native isolate of Endophytic bacteria. Plant Health Archives 1(2), 29-33. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/29-33.

Adoption and Assessment of Integrated Strategies for Managing Major Insect Pests in Kharif Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

A. Banerjee — Tue, 25 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

For assessing the integrated strategies towards managing insect pest of green gram the concerned experiment was executed for consecutive three years using two treatments, viz., IPM nodule and Farmer’s practice. In case of IPM module management tactics included seed treatment with fungicide (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25%) and insecticide like thiamethoxam, seed dressing with rhizobium, installation of yellow sticky traps, pheromone traps, growing border crops, applying neem based insecticides and need based application of chlorantraniliprole. In case of Farmer’s practice only two round spray of chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin were given. In all the years aphid and spotted pod borer population were significantly less compared to the farmer’s practice (mean aphid population of 2.53 per 10 cm apical twig in IPM plots against 29.37 in Farmer’s practice while pod borer population of 0.77 larva plant^-1 in IPM and 4.8 in Farmer’s practice). Natural enemy population was considerably higher in IPM module (5.23 plant^-1) compared to the farmer’s practice (1.36 plant^-1). Higher incremental benefit cost ratio was also obtained from IPM modules.

How to Cite

Banerjee, A., Ray, S., 2023. Adoption and Assessment of Integrated Strategies for Managing Major Insect Pests in Kharif Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Research Biotica 5(3), 102-106. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/102-106.

Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis spp.): A Pest of Economically Important Fruit and Plantation Crops: Its Status and Management Prospects

Sankarganesh, E. — Tue, 18 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

The tea mosquito bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) is the recognized pest of fruits and plantations across the world. In India, three species viz. Helopeltis antonii, H. bradyi and H. theivora are dominant among different species and found attacking a wide range of crops. Several alternate host plants of the tea mosquito bug have been recorded, especially in Africa and Asia. The nymphs and adults of the tea mosquito bug suck the sap from leaves, buds and shoots, which results in heavy crop losses. The pest is posing a serious challenge in domestic and overseas trades. For better management decisions, it is very much important to know about pest status, bionomics, distribution, host range, etc. The focus on the management of tea mosquito bug has to emphasize from chemical to traditional, indigenous technical knowledge and integrated pest management using the accessible resources to reduce the resistance development and limit the residual effects. This review highlights the significant works conducted on tea mosquito bug with detailed management strategies. The information on current status, host preference, incidence and early detection of this pest are discussed.

How to Cite:

Sankarganesh, E., Lavanya Sravani, B., Rajeshwaran, B., Mounika, M.N., 2023. Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis spp.): A pest of economically important fruit and plantation crops: its status and management prospects. Plant Health Archives 1(2), 18-28. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/18-28.

Studies on in vitro Growth Rate of Culturable Gut Bacterial Flora of Three Stem Borers Infesting Rice (Oryza sativa)

Subrata Goswami — Tue, 11 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

Stem borers are the most devastating pest of rice globally. The present experiment was conducted to compare the in vitro growth rate under different temperature conditions of culturable gut bacteria isolated from three different rice stem borers viz., Scirpophaga incertulas (YSB), Chilo suppresalis (SSB) and Sesamia inferens (PSB). Growth was recorded spectrophotometrically by measuring optical density at 660 nm. The gut bacterial consortia of YSB and PSB grew better than those of SSB at lower temperatures (15 and 20 °C) while that of PSB performed equally well in the entire range of temperatures. The gut bacterial consortium of SSB grew luxuriantly with the increase in temperature with the peak growth at 30 °C. There was no marked difference in the growth trend of all the bacterial isolates at 30 °C. These results indicate differential temperature preferendum of gut flora and give insights into their possible relation with behavioural response of the host insect species at different temperature.

How to Cite

Goswami, S., Das, S.B., Rath, P.C., 2023. Studies on in vitro Growth Rate of Culturable Gut Bacterial Flora of Three Stem Borers Infesting Rice (Oryza sativa). Research Biotica 5(3), 97-101. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.3.2023/97-101.

Study on Diversity of Fungus Associated with Nephila pilipes

Jalajakshi, S. — Thu, 06 Jul 2023 00:00:00 IST

The fungus has various type of association with spider. They can be pathogenic or symbiotic or commensal in relationship to spiders they live on. In the current study the diversity of fungi in association with Nephila pilipes spider were recorded. The fungi were isolated from its legs and saliva. The microscopic and macroscopic characters were obtained. The measurements of hyphae, conidia and conidiophore were recorded. The fungal growth was more on legs compared to saliva. The legs of the adult spider carried more fungi than saliva as they are associated with soil, carrying microflora on their legs. Further the four different fungus isolated as aspergillus, penicillium, Trichoderma and Cladosporium. The penicillium colony had abundant growth, aspergillus had moderate growth and Cladosporium had less growth compared to Trichoderma.

How to Cite:

Jalajakshi, S., Anagha, J., Buwaneshwari, S., Kalpana, R., Poojitha, P.L., Murthy, S., 2023. Study on Diversity of Fungus Associated with Nephila pilipes. Plant Health Archives 1(2), 14–17. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.2.2023/14-17.

Best Management Practices for Sustainable Agriculture

Gouranga Saw — Thu, 29 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST

The present estimate of the number of people on Earth is 8 billion, but by the middle of the century, it is predicted to reach 9 billion. Simultaneously, the cultivable farm land is being lost to expanding urban areas, industrialization and climate change. The recent World Bank Report estimated that to feed 9 billion people, food production needs to scale up by 70% by 2050. In the present context, the significance of sustainable agriculture is crucial in ensuring the sustenance of the population and mitigating the adverse effects of climate change. Environmental protection, resource conservation, soil fertility maintenance and improvement are the key goals of sustainable agricultural practises. Sincere efforts have been taken to discuss the various sustainable agriculture methods and practices in this assessment.

How to Cite

Saw, G., Choudhary, S., 2023. Best Management Practices for Sustainable Agriculture. Research Biotica 5(2), 85-96. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/85-96.

Pre-Flowering Sprays of Zinc and Boron Influenced Panicle Emergence and Panicle Growth of Amrapali Mango

Prahlad Deb — Sat, 17 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST

The present investigation was conducted at the instructional farm of Rathindra Krishi Vigyan Kendra under Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva Bharati University, Sriniketan which comes under in humid sub-tropical region of West Bengal during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 to investigate the influence of pre-flowering sprays of zinc and boron on panicle emergence and panicle growth of Amrapali mango. The present study included nine treatment combinations of sprays of zinc sulphate and borax at pre flowering stage replicated three times as T₁: Control (distilled water), T₂: ZnSO₄ @ 0.5%, T₃: ZnSO₄@ 1.0%, T₄: Borax @ 0.5%, T₅: Borax @ 1.0%, T₆: ZnSO₄@ 0.5% + Borax @ 0.5%, T₇: ZnSO₄@ 0.5% + Borax @ 1.0%, T₈: ZnSO₄@ 1.0% + Borax @ 0.5% and T₉: ZnSO₄@ 1.0% + Borax @ 1.0% in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The sprays were done in three cycles at 15 days interval starting from end of the November, keeping 3 days gap between zinc sulphate and borax spray in combination treatments. Minimum days to panicle emergence and flowering, maximum panicle length and different types of branches panicle^-1 were recorded under ZnSO₄@ 1.0% + Borax @ 0.5% spray. In conclusion, ZnSO₄@ 1.0% + Borax @ 0.5% treatment can be used as pre flowering spray for early flowering with better growth of panicles of mango (cv. Amrapali).

How to Cite

Deb, P., Reza, S., 2023. Pre-Flowering Sprays of Zinc and Boron Influenced Panicle Emergence and Panicle Growth of Amrapali Mango. Research Biotica 5(2), 79-84. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/79-84.

Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Production: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Northeast Himalayan Region

K.S. Thingreingam Irenaeus — Mon, 05 Jun 2023 00:00:00 IST

Numerous horticulture crops, both well-known and less well-known underutilized fruit crops native to this region, are grown in abundance in the north-eastern Himalayan region. If grown to their full capacity, these crops will produce significant revenue and contribute to the local economy. There is however, a decrease in their availability even before being fully exploited due to losses resulting from many factors including climate change and related variability. The primary consequence of climate change, among many others, is the changes in the agro-ecological region that are observable in some places where there is the replacement of native fruits, many of which originated at higher elevations, with low chilling-required fruits. In the Ukhrul district of Manipur (Northeast India), the abundance of many local temperate crops of the Prunus species such as peaches, plums, cherries, pears, bird cherry (Prunus nepalensis) and others like walnut, wild apple (Docynia indica), Pyrus pashia, Myrica spp., Rhus semialatus, Rubus spp., Eleagnus spp., Elaeocarpus floribundus, Spondias axillaris, etc. are reduced and being replaced by low chilling requiring crops like kiwi, avocado, low chilling apples (Anna, Golden Dorsett, HRMN 99) and area under these crops particularly kiwi is increasing. In household gardens at higher altitudes, tropical fruits like mango, banana and guava are now thriving; in the past, the harsh winter frosts made it impossible even for the seedlings to survive. Despite employing rootstocks that are more resistant to higher temperature, kiwi is replacing the apple-growing regions in the foothills of Bomdila and Dirang in Arunachal Pradesh, since the requisite quality is not achieved.

How to Cite

Irenaeus, K.S.T., Mitra, S.K., Bhattacharjee, T., et al., 2023. Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Production: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Northeast Himalayan Region. Research Biotica 5(2), 70-78. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/70-78.

Examining the Oral Preference on Hedonic Likings and Its Impacts on Sales and Pricing of Different Bamboo Shoots and Their Processed Forms in Arunachal Pradesh, India

Ch. Sadananda — Sat, 27 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

An investigation was made to understand the relationship between the sensory perception of residents of Arunachal Pradesh and their preference for bamboo shoots from the following species: Bambusa balcooa Roxb., Bambusa pallida Munro, Bambusa tulda Roxb., B. vulgaris Schrad. Ex J.C. Wendl, Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro, and Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold and Zucc., and their processed products namely Hidung, Eup and Ekung. Interviews were conducted among 250 participants who were given the freedom of choice to rate hedonic likings on Taste, Flavour and Texture. On this basis, an assessment was also carried out to establish the observed preferences and their influence on sales and prices of the food from the period of 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14. The strongest association, which affects the price and volume of sales of bamboo shoots as well as the processed forms, was found to be related in order of texture, followed by taste and flavour.

How to Cite

Sadananda, C., Singha, L.B., 2023. Examining the Oral Preference on Hedonic Likings and Its Impacts on Sales and Pricing of Different Bamboo Shoots and Their Processed Forms in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Research Biotica 5(2), 63-69. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/63-69.

Bacillus thuringiensis in Pest Management

Gothandaraman Rajadurai — Thu, 18 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely employed pest management biocontrol agent in the agriculture and forestry ecosystem. In nature, this gram-positive bacterium is found in soil that produces spore-crystal inclusion bodies. This gram-positive bacterium produces a broad spectrum of insecticidal proteins, which are found to be extremely toxic to different groups of insect pests. Bt toxin genes are very selective and specific to pests; they are not toxic to other than the target organisms such as human, animals, and birds, and they are safer for the environment. The Bt toxin is often employed in organic farming as an insecticide spray to manage insect pests. Additionally, it is one of the sources for the insecticidal genes deployed to genetically modify food crops so that they can naturally impart resistance against numerous insect pests.

How to Cite

Rajadurai, G., Anandakumar, S., Raghu, R., 2023. Bacillus thuringiensis in Pest Management. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 11-13. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/11-13.

UAV Technology for Precision Weed Detection and Management

Bobilan Debbarma — Wed, 10 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

In India population increases rapidly day-by-day, therefore food demand also increases. Traditional farming is insufficient to meet these demands. Thus, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (drones) were introduced, enabling Weed Management in less time, efficient use of herbicide and pesticide to bring sustainability to the environment and their resources. One of the most detrimental biotic variables in agriculture, weeds significantly reduces yields across the globe. Weed patches from crop fields can be identified by using drone sensors. Drone camera sensors can optimize weed in relation to leaf density, chlorophyll concentration and other plant canopy characteristics. The article emphasizes weed detection and management by the use of potential sensors of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (drones) technology for better agriculture output.

How to Cite

Debbarma, B., Saha, A., Teli, S., 2023. UAV Technology for Precision Weed Detection and Management. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 08-10. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/08-10.

Nanotechnology in Plant Disease Management

Dumpapenchala Vijayreddy — Sun, 07 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

The mesmerizing science of nanotechnology is the process of manipulating atoms and molecules to produce materials characterized by their minuscule dimensions, including nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. Despite being relatively new areas of study, nanoscience and nanotechnology are rapidly emerging as the forefront of research, continually generating the latest discoveries. Every year, nearly 20-40% crop losses occur mainly due to diseases and pests. The only method currently used to control plant diseases are toxic pesticides and fungicides, which pose risks to both the human well-being and the ecosystem. To reduce these problems the only needed solution is nanotechnology. It employs the use of nanoparticles synthesized by various methods. Plant diseases are managed effectively by using diverse nanoparticles, like silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The rapid detection of plant pathogens, the biosensor-based control of pests and diseases, soil management and other areas are all greatly impacted by nanotechnology.

How to Cite

Vijayreddy, D., Dutta, P., Puzari, K.R., 2023. Nanotechnology in Plant Disease Management. Research Biotica 5(2), 56-62. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/56-62.

Biological Control of Plant Parasitic-Nematodes by Plant Growth Promoting-Rhizobacteria

Selvaraj Anandakumar — Mon, 01 May 2023 00:00:00 IST

Plant growth promoting-rhizobacteria (PGPR) contributes a significant part in crop health improvement including pest management. It also protects plants from parasitic nematodes damage by exhibiting biocontrol activity besides improving the growth of plants by supplying nutrients, producing phytohormones and inducing modification of plants metabolisms. PGPR decreases or inhibits the hatching of nematode juveniles and suppresses the nematodes development and reproduction by exhibiting various mechanisms such as hyperparasitism, antibiotic synthesis or antibiosis, substrate competition, synthesis of lytic enzymes and induction of resistance in plants. Hence, PGPR could be an efficient biological protective agent that protects agricultural and horticultural crop plants from the infestation of parasitic nematodes.

How to Cite

Anandakumar, S., Rajadurai, G., 2023. Biological Control of Plant Parasitic-Nematodes by Plant Growth Promoting-Rhizobacteria. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 05-07. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/05-07.

Climate Smart Weed Management Practices

Suhrid Teli — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 IST

Climate changes are rapidly occurring due to anthropogenic activities. Human activities contribute to global warming by increasing greenhouse gases which are the main factors of extreme climate change. This change increases competition between weeds and crops. Most troublesome weeds are responsive to grow with increasing CO₂ gas then crop. Also, high atmospheric temperature helps to reduce uptake of herbicide due to more diffusion and rapidly dry droplets. There is an inevitable need to study how changing climate conditions are affecting crop-weed competition, weed life and herbicide effectiveness in order to create adaptation and mitigation plans for changing climatic scenario. The overall objective of this article is to portray smart weed management approaches under climate change scenario resulting high productivity of crops and more returns for farmers alongwith an effective maintenance of the weeds.

How to Cite

Teli, S., Saha, A., Debbarma, B., 2023. Climate Smart Weed Management Practices. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 03-04. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/03-04.

Understanding Socio-Economic Challenges Facing A2 Out-Grower Sugarcane Farmers in Zimbabwe: Case of Lowveld Area in Masvingo Province

Never Mafuse — Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 IST

Production of sugarcane in the out grower farming community has been decreasing and remained well below the expected standards. This study sought to investigate the reasons contributing to decline in sugarcane production of out grower farmers in the Lowveld area of Zimbabwe. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the socio-economic factors affecting sugarcane production, to measure technical efficiency of the sugarcane farmers and to measure the costs and returns of sugarcane (profitability). A sample of farmers 100 was randomly selected and was interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Results from the study revealed that farm size, credit access, farming experience, age and extension contacts significantly affected sugar cane yield. The mean technical efficiency of the farmers was 0.69. 36% of the farmers have technical efficiency ranging from 0.7 to 0.75. Farmers selected for the study have average annual revenue of $ 5,652.5 ha^-1, variable costs of $ 5,320 ha^-1 giving them an average gross profit of $ 332.5 ha^-1. The research concluded that the farmers are technically efficient. It is recommended that, farmers should be linked to more extension agents and also to form cooperatives.

How to Cite

Mafuse, N., Timba, M., Emmanuael, Z., 2023. Understanding Socio-Economic Challenges Facing A2 Out-Grower Sugarcane Farmers in Zimbabwe: Case of Lowveld Area in Masvingo Province. Research Biotica 5(2), 49-55. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.2.2023/49-55.

Roles of Hormone in Crop Production

Joy Kumar Dey — Sun, 09 Apr 2023 00:00:00 IST

The crop production of our country has increased manifold since the sixties by using improved agricultural technology like seeds, fertilizers, agricultural pesticides. At present, special importance is given to gene-technology, hybrid seeds and tissue culture, etc. for crop production. There is a limit to crop production through the use of agricultural technology. Increasing food production for a changing population is a difficult question for today's world. To cope up with such emerging problems use of hormones in crop production are showing very good results.

How to Cite

Dey, J.K., Debbarma, A., Sarkar, S., 2023. Roles of Hormone in Crop Production. Plant Health Archives 1(1), 01-02. DOI: 10.54083/PHA/1.1.2023/01-02.

Production and Culture Scenario of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) in India

Lakan Lal Meena — Thu, 30 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

India's Pangasianodon hypophthalmus catfish farming is on a steady rise, harnessing its abundant potential and extensive resources, which include vast land areas, specialized expertise and rich indigenous cultural knowledge. In the fiscal year 2020-2021, the nation achieved an impressive total fish production of 162.48 lakh tonnes, with the aquaculture sector playing a pivotal role by contributing 121.21 lakh tonnes to this remarkable figure. Noteworthy is the significant individual contribution of catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), accounting for 4.32 lakh tonnes. These statistics underscore the crucial and prominent role that catfish farming plays in driving India's thriving aquaculture industry. This article covers an overview of the current condition and features of striped catfish in India, as well as the breeding status and seed production methods and larvae rearing.

How to Cite

Meena, L.L., Murthy, H.S., Meena, D.K., et al., 2023. Production and Culture Scenario of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) in India. Research Biotica 5(1), 42-48. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/42-48.

Prosopis Pod Meal as an Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient

Chetan Kumar Garg — Sun, 26 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

The expanding human population raises the demand for nutritionally-rich food, and fish is the cheapest and best way to meet this requirement. Currently, the stagnation of capture fisheries encourages aquaculture as a means of providing quality proteins to a growing population. A successful aquaculture enterprise incurs a high expenditure of 50-60% on feed costs. Therefore, reducing feed costs by identifying alternative feed ingredients will improve the economic condition of the aquaculture business. Currently, the conventional ingredients used in aquafeed are becoming more expensive, raising the aquafeed's price and thus the overall cost of fish production. Hence, there is a need to transition to low-cost unconventional aquafeed ingredients, and Prosopis pod meal has excellent potential in this context. Prosopis pod meal has a high nutritional value, and it could be substituted conventional ingredients for instance corn meal, wheat flour, rice bran, etc., in aquafeed. This technical review comprises the scope and constraints of employing Prosopis pod meal as an ingredient in aquafeed.

How to Cite

Garg, C.K., Meena, D.K., 2023. Prosopis Pod Meal as an Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient. Research Biotica 5(1), 33-41. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/33-41.

Precision Irrigation Strategies for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Farming: Influence of Drip Lateral Geometry, Irrigation Regimes and Frequency on Crop Performance

D.D. Vadalia — Tue, 21 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

Rapid population growth and increasing living standards have led to a significant rise in water demand, resulting in severe water shortages. Effective water management has become crucial to address this issue. One approach is to adopt irrigation technologies and implement efficient irrigation scheduling to optimize limited water resources. The agricultural sector faces the challenge of producing more food with less water, which can be achieved by enhancing crop water productivity. Irrigation scheduling plays a vital role in determining the timing and quantity of water to be applied to crops, preventing over or under watering. Drip irrigation is increasingly utilized in this region due to its potential for improving water use efficiency and crop yields. Proper scheduling of drip irrigation is essential for efficient water management in crop production. Realizing the necessity, an experiment was conducted at Junagadh Agricultural University during year 2018-19, to study effect of drip lateral geometry (3 rows per lateral, 4 rows per lateral and 6 rows per lateral), irrigation regimes (1.0 ET_c and 0.8 ET_c) and irrigation frequency (2 days, 3 days and 5 days) on wheat. Each treatment was replicated twice. Results revealed that higher plant height (115.01 cm), number of productive tiller (480.50), number of grains spike^-1 (47), test weight (59.83 g) and highest grain yield (4,825 kg ha^-1) and straw yield (7,655 kg ha^-1) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 3 rows per lateral, scheduled at 0.8 ET_c and 2 days irrigation frequency.

How to Cite

Vadalia, D.D., Agravat, H.V., Prajapati, G.V., et al., 2023. Precision Irrigation Strategies for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Farming: Influence of Drip Lateral Geometry, Irrigation Regimes and Frequency on Crop Performance. Research Biotica 5(1), 27-32. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/27-32.

Field Evaluation of Different Pest Management Modules against Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) Infesting Brinjal in Tripura

Ardhendu Chakraborty — Sat, 11 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

A field experiment was carried out to assess various pest management strategies for controlling shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee.) in Brinjal during 2019-20 and 2020-21. Seven Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules were developed for use according to a calendar-based schedule and were compared to an untreated control in terms of their effectiveness in reducing shoot and fruit borer incidence. The results indicated that module M7 was superior to the untreated control (M8) as it resulted in lower percentages of shoot damage (10.63%), fruit damage on a number basis (12.34%), and fruit damage on a weight basis (11.44%), as well as higher yields. The optimal module (M7) comprised of the following components: (i) Soil incorporation of neem cake at a rate of 250 kg ha^-1 (50% during the last plough and 50% at 3 weeks after transplanting); (ii) Installation of pheromone traps at a rate of 5 acre^-1, beginning from flower bud initiation (45 days old crop) until final harvest, with lures changed on a monthly basis; (iii) Mechanical clipping of drooped shoots and removal of infested fruits from the field at weekly intervals; (iv) Release of multiple insecticide tolerant Trichogramma chilonis at a rate of 1.25 lakh ha^-1 at weekly intervals (4 times) from 30 days after planting (DAP); (v) Alternating spray of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC at a rate of 0.3 ml L^-1 and Novaluron 10% EC at a rate of 1.5 ml L^-1 at fortnightly intervals beginning from 70 DAT was found to be the best module for brinjal growers.

How to Cite

Chakraborty, A., Bhattacharya, S., Das, B., 2023. Field Evaluation of Different Pest Management Modules against Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) Infesting Brinjal in Tripura. Research Biotica 5(1), 21-26. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/21-26.

Sustainable Farming Practices: A Comprehensive Study on Rain Pipe Irrigation System Performance

D.G. Bhadarka — Thu, 02 Mar 2023 00:00:00 IST

Rain pipe irrigation has emerged as a promising solution for efficient water utilization and improved crop yields at a lower cost compared to traditional irrigation systems. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the hydraulic performance of rain pipes with different lengths (30 m and 45 m) and spacing (4 m and 5 m), operated at various pressures (1 kg cm^-2, 1.25 kg cm^-2 and 1.50 kg cm^-2) using a 7.5 hp pumping system. Key parameters such as distribution uniformity, uniformity coefficient, mean application rate and coefficient of variation were measured. The results indicated that the rain pipe system achieved optimal performance when operated at an operating pressure of 1.50 kg cm^-2, with a rain pipe length of 30 m and a spacing of 4 m. This configuration resulted in the highest uniformity coefficient (87.83%), distribution uniformity (76.29%) and mean application rate (6.81 cm h^-1). Additionally, the maximum discharge per meter length of rain pipe and the maximum coverage width of one rain pipe were attained with a 30 m length operated at 1.5 kg cm^-2. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of rain pipe irrigation when employing an operating pressure of 1.5 kg cm^-2, a rain pipe length of 30 m and a spacing of 4 m. The study highlights the suitability of rain pipe irrigation as a cost-effective and efficient alternative for water management in Indian agriculture. By optimizing the operating pressure, rain pipe length and spacing, farmers can enhance water use efficiency and improve crop productivity, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices in the face of limited water resources.

How to Cite

Bhadarka, D.G., Gohil, S.M., Gaadhe, A.N., et al., 2023. Sustainable Farming Practices: A Comprehensive Study on Rain Pipe Irrigation System Performance. Research Biotica 5(1), 16-20. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/16-20.

Emerging Importance of Sustainable Feed Ingredients as a Substitution of Traditional Fish Meal in Fish Feed Production: An Essential Step for Sustainable Aquaculture

Sourabh Debbarma — Sat, 11 Feb 2023 00:00:00 IST

Recently, in the agricultural allied industry, aquaculture has had the fastest growth. For this, the aquafeeds played a major role in fish culture. Fishmeal is a crucial ingredient in the manufacture of commercial fish diets, yet, securing a consistent supply of conventional fishmeal might be challenging. Feed ingredients have an impact on both fish as well on the environment, as it is required to evaluate different feed materials, whether it is an alternative for traditional fish meal or not but it should be effective on growth as well as having less impact on the environment. A good source of proteins for aquafeeds as an alternative to traditional fishmeal can be replaced by plant-based (Soybean meal, vegetable oil, etc.), animal-based (Earthworm meal, blood meal, etc.), insect-based (Black soldier fly meal, maggot meal, etc.) and low-value trash fishes (Families includes Carangidae, Engraulidae, Leiognathidae etc.) as sustainable candidates which are higher in protein content, bioactive compounds, better digestibility with fiber, low heavy metals, low feed conversion ratio and cost-effective for fish feed production. This review paper will look at the potential use of sustainable fish feed ingredients for the production of aquaculture feed.

How to Cite

Debbarma, S., Devi, N.C., Yirang, Y., et al., 2023. Emerging Importance of Sustainable Feed Ingredients as a Substitution of Traditional Fish Meal in Fish Feed Production: An Essential Step for Sustainable Aquaculture. Research Biotica 5(1), 11-15. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/11-15.

Conservation of Natural Habitat for Sustaining Indigenous Ornamental Fish Stock: Prime Need of the Hour amidst Development and Industrialization

Banlam J. Marbaniang — Sat, 28 Jan 2023 00:00:00 IST

The rapidly increasing developmental activities around the globe are ultimately compromising with the existence of rich biodiversity in the ecosystem. Development at any cost should never affect the flora and fauna of a particular geographical location adversely. Wild fish stocks are getting depleted due to the anthropogenic activities carried out by man which disrupts their natural habitat, feeding and breeding grounds due to the output and waste generated from them which proves to be detrimental to the fish biodiversity. Moreover, 85% of ornamental fish according to studies, are caught from the wild for marketing purposes and if the natural habitat remains the sole source of exploitation, sooner or later the stock may get completely vanished. In order to sustain and maintain a healthy and rich environment, the organisms dwelling in it should not be stressed in any way so that they can normally thrive and enhance its population to conserve the environment because for centuries they have co-existed with that environment through which a positive mutual correlation has been created which is necessary to achieve the goal of a healthy and rich diversity. Therefore, necessary and concrete measures and strategies such as standardization of captive breeding techniques, ranching, regulatory measures etc. should be devised and implemented to achieve the said goal.

How to Cite

Marbaniang, B.J., Dhar, V., Malla, S., et al., 2023. Conservation of Natural Habitat for Sustaining Indigenous Ornamental Fish Stock: Prime Need of the Hour amidst Development and Industrialization. Research Biotica 5(1), 07-10. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/07-10.

Best Management Practises (BMPs): A Sustainable Step for Future Global Food Security

Supratim Malla — Tue, 17 Jan 2023 00:00:00 IST

Aquaculture is the practise of raising fish or shellfish primarily for human consumption. It includes constant engagement with the environment because it is done in ponds, cages, or open water bodies. If it is done so in a way that is both socially and environmentally appropriate, aquaculture can be a sustainable activity. The term "sustainable aquaculture" is related to an aquaculture production system that is considerate of the local human and social environment, utilises renewable resources to the greatest extent possible, provides animals with living conditions that are as close as possible to those of their native habitat, and uses recycled materials. The Best Management Practises (BMPs) can be used to achieve sustainability. BMPs include things like following the law, being socially responsible, choosing appropriate sites for farms, building them well, and using the best practises for farm management throughout the process, everything from pond layout to harvesting and after harvesting management measures. Adopting BMPs would result in increased output, productivity, and profitability as well as obligations to the environment and society.

How to Cite

Malla, S., Debbarma, S., Dekari, D., et al., 2023. Best Management Practises (BMPs): A Sustainable Step for Future Global Food Security. Research Biotica 5(1), 01-06. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/5.1.2023/01-06.

Optimal Date of Mulberry Pruning and Silkworm Rearing for Improvement of Quality and Yield Potential of Mulberry Foliage and Silk Cocoons in Lower-Gangetic Region

Suresh, K. — Thu, 08 Dec 2022 00:00:00 IST

Mulberry sericulture is an alternative farm-based livelihood activity and is practiced in various climatic conditions. A field and rearing experiment was conducted to evaluate the mulberry variety S-1635 for leaf and silk cocoon productivity under alternative pruning and rearing schedule during autumn 2019 and spring 2020 seasons. The leaf moisture content, leaf fall at harvest, primary shoots plant^-1, longest shoot length, total shoots length and leaf yield plant^-1 was significantly higher in new pruning schedule in both the season. The new mulberry crop schedule recorded higher leaf productivity to a tune of 12% in autumn and double in comparison to existing schedule practiced by farmers. The role of optimal weather and period of crop growth had a greater impact on leaf yield during autumn and spring crops, respectively. Most of the reeling cocoon and silk parameters obtained from fed leaves differed significantly with pruning schedules in both the seasons. Effective rate of rearing and weight was significantly higher in new pruning schedule while single cocoon weight was higher in existing schedule. The new silkworm rearing schedule recorded 10-12% higher cocoon yield in both Agrahayani (75.67 kg) and Falguni (62.08 kg) crops compared to existing crop schedule. The investigation revealed that delaying the mulberry pruning and silkworm rearing date by two weeks effectively increased both leaf and cocoon output. The new mulberry sericulture crop schedules will be a climate change adaptation strategy to maintain production potential in the lower-gangetic region.

How to Cite

Suresh, K., Manjappa., Umesh, D.K., et al., 2022. Optimal Date of Mulberry Pruning and Silkworm Rearing for Improvement of Quality and Yield Potential of Mulberry Foliage and Silk Cocoons in Lower-Gangetic Region. Research Biotica 4(4), 185-190. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/185-190.

In-vivo Evaluation of Agro-Waste based Formulations of Yellow Pigment Producing Actinobacteria against Mulberry Root Rot Pathogens

M. Saratha — Thu, 10 Nov 2022 00:00:00 IST

Mulberry is a multipurpose deciduous tree mainly cultivated for silk cocoon production. The continuous cultivation focusing on high yield made the crop prone to various diseases, especially root rot. To evade the detrimental effects of agrochemicals on sensitive silkworms and environment, the importance was given to bio-control approach. In the present study, four bio-formulations of the actinobacterial isolate NM5 (Streptomyces parvulus) were prepared using three carriers: talc, rice husk ash and spent silkworm pupal powder. From the in-vivo study against combined inoculation of root rot pathogens, the lowest incidence of disease symptoms including wilting (25.45%) and rotting (20.91%) was observed in APNM5 (rice husk ash: silkworm pupal powder- 1:1 ratio) treated plants which scored as mild to moderate infection. Untreated control was stunted with chlorotic leaves that defoliated prematurely with severe infection (76.25% wilting and 82.80% rotting).

Moreover, in all NM5 treated saplings, as a result of defense action rotten root portions were stimulated to develop new healthy rigid roots. Biometric observations showed formulations had positive effect on plant growth parameters even in the presence of pathogens including higher leaf numbers (27.5), enhanced leaf area (67.96 cm²) and yield (6 g plant^-1), shoot length (44.56 cm) and weight 25.50 g plant^-1), root length (33.67 cm), root weight (2.17 g plant^-1), root: shoot ratio (0.08) than uninoculated saplings. Therefore, both the performance of potential isolate and effective utilization of agro-waste were enhanced by the nutrient based APNM5 bioformulation in an eco-friendly way.

How to Cite

Saratha, M., Angappan, K., Karthikeyan, S., et al., 2022. In-vivo Evaluation of Agro-Waste based Formulations of Yellow Pigment Producing Actinobacteria against Mulberry Root Rot Pathogens. Research Biotica 4(4), 179-184. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/179-184.

Response of Black Gram Crop to Rhizobacteria

A. Saha — Wed, 26 Oct 2022 00:00:00 IST

Field experiments were conducted during summer seasons in two consecutive years (2020-21 and 2021-22) at Experimental Farm of College of Agriculture, Tripura to find out the best Rhizobacteria inoculants for stimulation of nodulation and increasing yield of blackgram crop. From the findings of two years’ experiment, it can be noted that inoculation of Rhizobium significantly increased the number and dry mass of nodules (32.8 plant^-1 and 35.8 mg plant^-1 at 30 DAS), plant dry mass (26.8 g plant^-1) and grain yield (861.3 kg ha^-1) of black gram. Azotobacter chroococcum alone and with Rhizobium numerically favoured the nodulation (29.6 and 34.2 plant^-1 respectively) in black gram. Rhizobium + A. chroococcum treatment produced significantly more plant dry mass (29.6 g plant^-1) and grain yield (930.6 kg ha^-1) of black gram over the uninoculated control (23.2 g plant^-1 and 747.9 kg ha^-1 respectively) and Rhizobium alone, respectively. Bacillus sp. in conjunction with Rhizobium were statistically comparable to Rhizobium alone inoculation in respect of nodule mass and grain yield. All the three inoculants together gave the 890.3 kg ha^-1 black gram yield which was statistically comparable to Rhizobium + A. chroococcum in black gram. So, from the results of experiment, it can be concluded that dual inoculation of black gram seeds with Rhizobium + A. chroococcum promotes significant nodulation of black gram crop with in turn increases the plant biomass and seed yield of summer blackgram crop.

How to Cite

Saha, A., Biswas, S., Lodh, P., 2022. Response of Black Gram Crop to Rhizobacteria. Research Biotica 4(4), 176-178. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/176-178.

Price Setting Behavior and Causal Relationships among Major Bivoltine Cocoon Markets in India: An Econometric Analysis

G.R. Halagundegowda — Sat, 15 Oct 2022 00:00:00 IST

The present study empirically examines the dynamic interrelationships among the prices of major cocoons markets viz. Ramanagaram (Karnataka), Sidlaghatta (Karnataka), Hindupura (Andra Pradesh) and Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu) in terms of market integration. The monthly average prices of bivoltine mulberry cocoons for a period between April 2009 and February 2021 were considered for the present study. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) (tau) test indicated that all the price series were non-stationary at level, but were stationary after first difference. The Johansen's multivariate cointegration procedure revealed existence of cointegration among the prices of cocoon markets. The Vector Error Correction Models (VECM) revealed a long run price causality running from Ramanagaram market to all other markets considered under study. The Granger causality test indicated a unidirectional causality running from Ramanagaram market to all markets and not vice versa. The prices prevailed in Ramanagaram market controlled and decided the current prices of bivoltine cocoons both in long run and short run in all other markets considered for the study.

How to Cite

Halagundegowda, G.R., Kumaresan, P., Manjunatha, G.R., et al., 2022. Price Setting Behavior and Causal Relationships among Major Bivoltine Cocoon Markets in India: An Econometric Analysis. Research Biotica 4(4), 169-175. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/169-175.

Determination of Chlorantraniliprole Residue in Soil by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Paramasivam, M. — Fri, 07 Oct 2022 00:00:00 IST

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole residues in soil. The soil samples were extracted with acetonitrile and dispersive solid phase extraction clean up. The average recoveries of chlorantraniliprole were in the range of 94.10-96.82% with reproducibility and repeatability was ranged between 0.17 to 1.90 and 0.97 to 1.22%, respectively. The limit of quantification of the analytical method was 0.01 μg g^-1 and the matrix effect was less than 1%.

How to Cite

Paramasivam, M., 2022. Determination of Chlorantraniliprole Residue in Soil by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Research Biotica 4(4), 166-168. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.4.2022/166-168.

Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Approach in Mulberry Sericulture of Jammu & Kashmir

Irfan Illahi — Thu, 29 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST

Jammu and Kashmir is one of the traditional sericultural states of India, produces 735 MT of cocoons which is converted into 98 MT of raw silk. Spring is the major silkworm rearing season of J&K when fresh mulberry leaf is available for rearing the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The food plant of silkworm, mulberry is affected by various insect pests viz., Glyphodes pyloalis, Spilosoma oblique, Amsacta lactinea, Hemerophilla atrilineata etc., and diseases like leaf spot and powdery mildew. In integrated pest and disease management of mulberry various factors such as cultural, mechanical, biological and bio-pesticides management practices have been adopted to control the pests as well as the diseases of mulberry. The major diseases are powdery mildew and leaf spot which affect the foliage of the mulberry plant thereby reducing the quality and quantity of the silkworm feed. The present study was conducted to identify the suitable IPDM approach to manage pest and diseases in mulberry sericulture of Jammu & Kashmir. Results showed that the impact of IPDM the incidence of insect pest to an extent of 43.66% and 48.82% by leaf Webber and semilooper respectively. Leaf spot and powdery mildew disease of mulberry was also reduced up to 39.56% and 49.92% respectively. By adopting 100% IPDM module cocoon yield was increased up to 4 kg 100 disease free laying (dfl).

How to Cite

Illahi, I., Mittal, V., Sharmila, K.K., 2022. Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Approach in Mulberry Sericulture of Jammu & Kashmir. Research Biotica 4(3), 161-165. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/161-165.

Time Series Analysis of Monthly Coffee (Robusta) Prices in India using Box-Jenkins Approach

Prema Borkar — Wed, 21 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST

Robusta coffee is a type of coffee made from the Coffea canephora plant's beans (seeds). It is the world's second most popular coffee, accounting for 43% of global coffee production with arabica constituting the remainder except for the 1.5% constituted by Coffea liberica. The purpose of this study is to focus on predicting monthly coffee prices in India by using the historic time series data. The objective of this paper is to fit an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model using Box-Jenkins approach. Numerous fields, including agricultural production, animal husbandry and dairy economics, stock price prediction, etc. depend heavily on forecasting. To choose the best model, Autoregressive (AR), Moving Average (MA), and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) processes was used to select the best model for monthly coffee prices in India. This paper discusses ARIMA (p, d, q) time series analysis and its components, ACF, PACF, Normalized BIC, Box-Ljung Q Statistics, and Residual analysis. According to the best fitted model i.e., ARIMA (0,2,1) monthly coffee prices in India is expected to increase to INR 89.35 kg^-1 in the month of November 2022. The outcomes are represented numerically and graphically.

How to Cite

Borkar, P., 2022. Time Series Analysis of Monthly Coffee (Robusta) Prices in India using Box-Jenkins Approach. Research Biotica 4(3), 156-160. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/156-160.

Effect on Growth and Economics of Vanaraja Poultry on Azolla Feed Supplementation

M.S. Baruah — Wed, 14 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST

A study was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, West Siang, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Arunachal Pradesh Centre, India for a period of 72 weeks, from January, 2021 to May, 2022 with 300 unsexed 4 weeks old brooded Vanaraja chicks which were provided to the farmers. The birds were randomly divided into five feeding trial groups (20 birds in each treatment group with 3 replications), namely TO₁ (birds were let out for foraging with no supplementation), TO₂ (basal diet), TO₃ (basal diet + 5% fresh Azolla), TO₄ (basal diet + 10% fresh Azolla) and TO₅ (basal diet + 15% fresh Azolla). Data on weekly body weight gain up to 20^th weeks showed no significant difference between Azolla fed groups and basal diet fed groups; whereas, number of egg production up to 72^nd weeks recorded as 62.4±3.4, 110.5±3.1, 116.2±3.2, 120.5±4.6 and 128.2±4.8 in TO₁, TO₂, TO₃, TO₄ and TO₅ respectively. Economic efficiency of Azolla fed birds showed higher economic returns in terms of benefit cost ratio in group TO₅ (4.42) than that of basal diet (3.04) and group where birds were let out for foraging (2.59).

How to Cite

Baruah, M.S., Kalita, H., 2022. Effect on Growth and Economics of Vanaraja Poultry on Azolla Feed Supplementation. Research Biotica 4(3), 150-155. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/150-155.

Effect of Seed Treatment Chemicals on Pod Damage in Groundnut

C. Vijayaraghavan — Mon, 05 Sep 2022 00:00:00 IST

Field experiments have been formulated to minimise the groundnut pod damage by seed treatments and soil drenching. The pooled data revealed that Seed treatment with clothionidin 50 WDG @ 2 g kg^-1 recorded 12.24% pod damage during peg formation stage. During maturity stage, seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 2 ml kg^-1 + soil drenching with chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 8 ml per 10 L of water at 60 DAS recorded 15.11% pod damage and the imidacloprid seed treatment with soil drenching of imidacloprid 17.8 SL, chlorpyriphos 20 EC and imidacloprid 40% + fipronil 40% (80 WG) were on par with each other. Highest pod yield (1,475 kg ha^-1) and haulm (2,958 kg ha^-1) with 17.22 ICBR was observed in imidacloprid seed treatment with soil drenching of imidacloprid 17.8 SL. Untreated control recorded 23.97% pod damage with 971 kg pod and 1,975 kg haulm.

How to Cite

Vijayaraghavan, C., Pandiyan, M., 2022. Effect of Seed Treatment Chemicals on Pod Damage in Groundnut. Research Biotica 4(3), 146-149. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/146-149.

Evaluation of Botanical Soaps for the Management of Pigeonpea Insect Pests

Zadda Kavitha — Wed, 31 Aug 2022 00:00:00 IST

A two year consecutive trial was conducted during kharif 2014-15 and kharif 2015-16 to evaluate neem and pungam soaps @ 10 g l^-1 in alone and in combination with indoxacarb (0.5 ml l^-1). First spray was given during flowering and second spray was given after fifteen days of the first spray. In both the field trials, neem soap followed by indoxacarb was effective against pigeonpea pod damaging insects followed by pungam soap and indoxacarb. During kharif 2014-15, two sprays of neem soap was on par in efficacy with pungam soap followed by indoxacarb against H. armigera and M. vitrata. When the damage of the pod damaging insects in botanical sprays alone treatments and untreated control was compared, these treatments were effective and good control was achieved. During kharif 2015-16, two sprays of neem soap was on par with NSKE followed by indoxacarb and pungam soap followed by indoxacarb in reducing the damage of H. armigera. In case of M. vitrata, two sprays of neem soap and two sprays of NSKE recorded 50.4 and 44.9% reduction over control and were on par with NSKE followed by indoxacarb in effectiveness. Against plume moth, two sprays of neem soap (4.3% damage) and two sprays of NSKE (5% damage) were on par with pungam soap followed by indoxacarb (4.7% damage).

How to Cite

Kavitha, Z., Vijayaraghavan, C., 2022. Evaluation of Botanical Soaps for the Management of Pigeonpea Insect Pests. Research Biotica 4(3), 139-145. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/139-145.

Decadal Shift in Fish Landings and Catch Composition in Brahmaputra River, Assam, India

Anil Kumar Yadav — Thu, 25 Aug 2022 00:00:00 IST

Analysis of long-term (1987-2019) fish landing data showed that an average 191.93 t year^-1 of fish landed at Uzanbazar (Guwahati) landing center of River Brahmaputra. The total landings registered peak landings of 471.8 t in 2002 and thereafter it declined to the lowest levels of 84.06 t in 2016. Fish landings suffered changes in the qualitative and quantitative aspects of River Brahmaputra fishery in Assam. Whereas average total landings during last decade declined by almost 60% as compared to the average landings of 234.97 t year^-1 in the previous two decades (1987-2009), the contribution of Indian major carps (IMC) and minor carps towards total landings declined from 17.54% and 35.11% during 1987-2009 to only 4.86% and 8.94%, respectively during 2010-2019. Miscellaneous fishes group emerged as dominant group contributing 58.28% of the average landings in last decade (54.30 t year^-1) compared to 69.38 t year^-1 during 1987-2009. Average landing of catfishes also decreased from 26.96 t year^-1 in 1987-2009 to 19.77 t year^-1 in 2010-2019, but percentage contribution increased from 11.47% to 21.28% over decades. Similarly, average landings of Hilsa declined from 8.24 t year^-1 to 3.42 t year^-1 but percentage contribution remained unchanged over the period. Such changes can be partly ascribed to climate change, habitat modification, over exploitation and other anthropogenic causes. The sharp decline in IMC landings as well as changes in landing composition from the river due to these alterations in the last decade is directly affecting the livelihood of the fishermen community.

How to Cite

Yadav, A.K., Borah, S., Bhattacharjya, B.K., et al., 2022. Decadal Shift in Fish Landings and Catch Composition in Brahmaputra River, Assam, India. Research Biotica 4(3), 132-138. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/132-138.

Strategies for Sustainable Utilization of Openwater Fisheries Resources of Meghalaya: A Way Forward

Pronob Das — Sun, 14 Aug 2022 00:00:00 IST

The Northeast Indian state of Meghalaya with its vast inland fishery resources in the form of rivers (5,600 km), floodplain wetlands (500 ha), reservoirs (650 ha), lakes (50 ha) and ponds (0.02 lakh ha) offers tremendous scope for developing its fisheries sector, but lags behind in harnessing the potential. The state is deficient in fish production; it depends on additional fish supplied from Andhra Pradesh and other neighbouring states to fulfil its demand. There is an urgent need to increase fish production from available resources to fill the gap. To increase fish production, there is a need to utilize openwater fisheries resources of the state in a sustainable manner besides pond aquaculture. Sustainable development requires necessary initiatives in right direction at the right time with appropriate technological interventions. Right direction can result in holistic fisheries development based on proper planning taking into account contribution from all fisheries resources. Implementation of strategies in time with indicators of development can be worked out with proper planning. Strategies to prioritize the developmental work with realistic targets and guidance to achieve the goals are also required. Strategies also clearly depict priority action to be taken on immediate, medium term and long term basis along with milestones to track the progress and to achieve the goal. In this paper, we discuss strategies for sustainable enhancement of fish production from open water fisheries of Meghalaya based on the present scenario along with required infrastructural and human resources development with a realistic approach.

How to Cite

Das, P., Bhattacharjya, B.K., Das, B.K., 2022. Strategies for Sustainable Utilization of Openwater Fisheries Resources of Meghalaya: A Way Forward. Research Biotica 4(3), 124-131. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/124-131.

The Physio-Morphic Characters of Different Okra Germplasm and their Relationship with the Population Dynamics of Okra Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)

K.P. Manju — Tue, 09 Aug 2022 00:00:00 IST

The reactions of twenty five (25) accessions of okra were evaluated under field conditions against Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula. The experiment was conducted at NBPGR, regional station Hyderabad. Among twenty five germplasm (25) screened against the okra leafhopper, IC344596 recorded significantly lowest leafhopper population which was followed by RJR-124, PSRJ12952, NIC 9402 and IC433667. PSRJ 13040 and RJR-193 recorded high population of leafhopper. RJR-124, PSRJ12952 and IC344596 recorded significantly highest number of trichomes of 57.00, 47.67 and 42.33 trichomes m^-2, respectively. RJR-193 and PSRJ 13040 recorded significantly less number of trichomes (10.33 m^-2). Correlation between okra leafhopper and the various yield and growth parameters of okra accessions revealed highly significant and negative correlation for yield, number of pods and significant positive correlation with plant height while non-significant correlation recorded with pod length.

How to Cite

Manju, K.P., 2022. The Physio-Morphic Characters of Different Okra Germplasm and their Relationship with the Population Dynamics of Okra Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida). Research Biotica 4(3), 119-123. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/119-123.

A Study on Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Associated Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Roshani Singh — Sun, 31 Jul 2022 00:00:00 IST

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world's most important cereal grain which contains carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and significant amounts of vitamins. A study was conducted in Augmented Block Design with 105 genotypes of bread wheat with four checks (HD-2967, DBW-222, DBW-107, and HD-2733) for estimation of means, range, correlations and path-coefficient. A wide range of variations were observed for different characters under study. The genotype RAJ-4549 (16.35), UP-3056 (15.78), DBW-344 (15.78), produced highest grain yield plant^-1 followed by NW-8076 (15.36) and NW-8019 (15.14). In case of correlation study, grain yield plant^-1 had a highly significant and positive correlation with tillers plant^-1, biological yield plant^-1, peduncle length and spike length; whereas a non-significant negative correlation was found with days to 50% flowering, plant height and days to maturity. In path coefficient analysis, major positive direct effect on grain yield plant^-1 was exerted by biological yield plant^-1, followed by harvest-index, number of grain spike^-1, peduncle length, number of tillers plant^-1, test weight, days to 50% flowering and spike length. Tillers plant^-1 and peduncle length exhibited high order positive indirect effects on grain yield plant^-1 via biological yield (0.87) and (0.69) respectively. The characters showing highly significant positive correlation among yield and its components can be further validated and if consistent performance is found in future study; emphasis should be given to those characters while developing high yielding varieties.

How to Cite

Singh, R., Singh, V., Dwivedi, A., et al., 2022. A Study on Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Associated Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Research Biotica 4(3), 113-118. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/113-118.

Advances in Indian Floriculture with Focus on the North-East Region

Mausum Kumar Nath — Tue, 26 Jul 2022 00:00:00 IST

Floriculture is a remunerative and highly competitive industry. In India, floriculture is emerging as an important economic activity and foreign exchange earner. The advances in Indian floriculture sector have been brought about by the application of various technologies like vertical gardening, aeroponics, hydroponics, plasticulture, etc. The North Eastern region of the country has for long been recognized as nature’s gift to the country in view of the wealth of ornamental plants. High value flower production in protected poly and green houses are being encouraged for entrepreneurial development in the region. Current study reveals the research works and projects executed by the institutes and development centres that have led to the overall floriculture development in the region thus exploiting its potentiality.

How to Cite

Nath, M.K., Datta, H.S., 2022. Advances in Indian Floriculture with Focus on the North-East Region. Research Biotica 4(3), 108-112. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/108-112.

Use of Social Media in Enhancing Farmer’s Satisfaction Level on Agricultural Extension Services: A Case Study of Farmers Club in Thoubal District, Manipur

Salam Prabin Singh — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 IST

Social media has become universal and practically inescapable, revolutionizing the way farmers communicate, interact and socialize; and has become an integral part of their social education through expressing opinion on varied issues. The agriculture sector is embracing social media and utilising it to increase knowledges of the farming and cropping management as well as interacting with others like agricultural professionals, Scientists, Subject Experts including research scholars. Social media tools can be viewed as social communication technologies in which opportunities of farmers’ feedback, interaction, and networking are much higher than other forms of extension information delivery. Besides all these opportunities provided by the social media, the farmers’ satisfaction level is also an important measures in dissemination of the information specially for agricultural extension and advisory services in order to improve the present communication system between farmers and the services provider. The present study sought to assess farmers’ satisfaction level towards agricultural extensions services by means of social media.

How to Cite

Singh, S.P., Zeshmarani, S., Singh, N.T., et al., 2022. Use of Social Media in Enhancing Farmer’s Satisfaction Level on Agricultural Extension Services: A Case Study of Farmers Club in Thoubal District, Manipur. Research Biotica 4(3), 102-107. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/102-107.

Plankton Composition in Relation to Physio-Chemical Parameters of Yamuna River at Three Different Cities of India

Sumit Kumar — Thu, 07 Jul 2022 00:00:00 IST

To evaluate plankton diversity in relation to physico-chemical parameters of the Yamuna river, the present study was conducted from March 2019 to February 2020. Three sites along the Yamuna River were chosen for regular sampling: Delhi (B₁), Mathura (B₂) and Agra (B₃). 11 species of phytoplankton and 9 species of zooplankton were recorded from site B₁ with a concentration of 15,517 individual L^-1. At site B₂ 14 species of phytoplankton and 5 species of zooplankton with a concentration of 15,329 individual L^-1was observed. At site B₃ a total 15 species of phytoplankton and 5 species of zooplankton were recorded with a concentration of 19,453 individual L^-1. The highest abundance of group Cynophyceae in phytoplankton and Rotifera in zooplankton was observed during the study period at sites B₁, B₂ and B₃. Physico-chemical parameters were found suitable for plankton growth at site B₃.

How to Cite

Kumar, S., Saxena, A., 2022. Plankton Composition in Relation to Physio-Chemical Parameters of Yamuna River at Three Different Cities of India. Research Biotica 4(3), 94-101. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.3.2022/94-101.

Bio-Efficacy of Broflanilide 30 SC against Fall Army Worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on Corn

Lakshman Chandra Patel — Thu, 30 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

Chemical control is a common practice by the farmers to manage fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in corn since its invasion in India from 2018. Thus, the main purpose of the work was to evaluate for the first time the field efficacy of a recently introduced novel insecticide i.e., broflanilide against fall army worm (FAW) during winter 2019-20 and kharif 2020. Broflanilide 30 SC @ 60 ml ha^-1 resulted highest overall mean mortality (86.15 and 87.02%) in larval population of FAW over untreated control. It was significantly at par with its next lower dose of 50 ml ha^-1 (83.13 and 85.06%) followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (79.58 and 81.30%) and emamectin benzoate 5 SG (78.75 and 81.81%). Statistically at par remarkable lower damage and attack intensity with considerable higher yield occurred in broflanilide (60 and 50 ml ha^-1), chlorantraniliprole (200 ml ha^-1) and emamectin benzoate (300 g ha^-1). So, broflanilide @ 50-60 ml ha^-1 could be recommended as another alternative insecticide to manage S. frugiperda in corn.

How to Cite

Patel, L.C., Zaman, M.I., 2022. Bio-Efficacy of Broflanilide 30 SC against Fall Army Worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on Corn. Research Biotica 4(2), 86-93. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/86-93.

Comparison of Organic Fertilizer vs. Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Divya Tandon — Sun, 26 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

Chemical fertilizers have been utilized extensively over last five to six decades. They significantly contribute in damaging the ecosystem, including the soil properties and the health of the future generation. Organic farming is employed as a substitute to obtain better and healthier output. To increase output and replenish soil fertility without harming the environment or having any negative impacts on human health, organic fertilizers such as sawdust, cow dung and cow urine are used instead of chemical fertilizers. Nowadays, organic farming is widely practiced around the world. Efforts were made to study the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Experiment was conducted in pots with four treatments i.e., control (water and soil), organic (cow dung, cow urine, sawdust), inorganic (NPK) and mixture of organic and inorganic. The parameters observed were stem height, number of leaves and the length of leaves. Antimicrobial activity of cucumber leaves, seeds and cow urine was checked on different bacterial strains including E. coli, Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella sp. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to analyze the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenol and anthraquinone content in cucumber. In comparison to alternative treatments, organic cucumber cultivation produces higher growth rates. Cow urine was more effective against E. coli, moderate against Pseudomonas and resist against Salmonella. The seed extract of cucumber was more effective against Salmonella and less effective against E. coli. The leaf extract is more effective against Pseudomonas and less effective against E. coli. In cucumber leaves alkaloids, carbohydrate, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenol and anthraquinone content are present.

How to Cite

Tandon, D., Kumari, A., Sharma, A., et al., 2022. Comparison of Organic Fertilizer vs. Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Research Biotica 4(2), 82-85. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/82-85.

Effect of Antioxidants and Polyamines on Physical Parameters of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill) Fosberg] cv. Kalipatti

D. Naga Harshitha — Tue, 21 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

The present investigation was carried out at PG laboratory in College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. The experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The physical parameters like physiological loss in weight (PLW), number of days for ripening, firmness, ripening percentage, shelf life, and spoilage were estimated. PLW, firmness and spoilage were estimated at 3 days interval during ripening. The data on physical parameters showed that there was significant influence of post harvest application of antioxidants and polyamines on shelf-life of sapota. Fruits treated with BA @ 100 ppm (T₂) recorded lower PLW (17.76%), maximum number of days for ripening (8.50 days), and minimum spoilage where as shelf life (12.17 days) and firmness (1.95 kg cm^-2), were higher in BA @ 100 ppm (T₂) treated fruits during both the years and in pooled data respectively.

How to Cite

Harshitha, D.N., Rao, A.M., Joshi, V., 2022. Effect of Antioxidants and Polyamines on Physical Parameters of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill) Fosberg] cv. Kalipatti. Research Biotica 4(2), 74-81. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/74-81.

Determination of Growth-Stage-Specific Crop Coefficients (Kc) for Drip Irrigated Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Different Land Configurations

D.D. Vadalia — Thu, 16 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

Determination of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) during the crop growth is important for precise irrigation scheduling, sustainable development and environmentally sound water management. Development of a crop coefficient (K_c) can enhance ET_c estimations in relation to specific crop phenological development. An experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to determine growth stage specific K_c of wheat (GW-366) using drip irrigation under different land configurations (L₁: broad bed furrow and L₂: flat land) at different irrigation levels (I₁: 1.0 ET_c and I₂: 0.8 ET_c). Soil moisture sensors were utilized to estimate Actual crop evapotranspiration. Results revealed that adjusted FAO K_c predicts higher value than sensor-based K_c values under both land configurations. Broad bed furrow (BBF) land configuration observed lower K_c values compared to flat land configuration at all growth stages of wheat. Sensor based K_c-ini,K_c-dev,K_c-mid and K_c-endvalues of BBF observed 0.21 (7.26%), 0.59 (13.78%), 1.00 (7.27%) and 0.29 (9.48%) and 0.20 (8.43%), 0.55 (13.04%), 0.91 (8.18%) and 0.26 (9.48%) lower than flat land configuration. Overestimated adjusted FAO-K_c values caused a loss 106.18 mm and 89.43 mm precious water for wheat under BBF and flat land respectively.

How to Cite

Vadalia, D.D., Prajapati, G.V., Parmar, S.H., et al., 2022. Determination of Growth-Stage-Specific Crop Coefficients (K_c) for Drip Irrigated Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Different Land Configurations. Research Biotica 4(2), 69-73. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/69-73.

Molecular Characterization and Validation of Micro-Satellite Markers Linked to Powdery Mildew Disease Resistance in Mini Core Germplasm of Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

Kailash Chandra Samal — Sat, 11 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

Twenty-nine Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] genotypes, including four check varieties 'Prasad,' 'Ujala,' 'PU-31' and 'OBG-31' were evaluated in the experimental farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India, for two seasons to assess these genotypes against powdery mildew disease incidence and to estimate the extent of genetic divergence and character association employing molecular markers. For molecular diversity studies five molecular markers i.e., MB-SSR238, VrCsSTS1, CEDG191, VrCsSSR1, CEDG166 were evaluated on the Urdbean genotypes. The results showed the association of VrCsSTS1 marker with the powdery mildew resistance gene in different genetic backgrounds. The genotypes 'OBG-31', 'Ujala,' 'Prasad,' and 'Nayagarh-I local' were resistant to powdery mildew disease, which can be further used for breeding programs.

How to Cite

Samal, K.C., Ramakrishna, B., Sahoo, J.P., et al., 2022. Molecular Characterization and Validation of Micro-Satellite Markers Linked to Powdery Mildew Disease Resistance in Mini Core Germplasm of Urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. Research Biotica 4(2), 62-68. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/62-68.

Effects of High Temperature Stress on Physiological and Yield Parameters of Mulberry Varieties

S. Ranjith Kumar — Mon, 06 Jun 2022 00:00:00 IST

High temperature causes alteration in physiological and yield parameters of mulberry plant. The present study was conducted to examine the tolerance/ susceptibility of five popularly cultivated mulberry varieties viz., V₁, G₂, G₄, MR₂ and S₃₆ exposed to high temperature stress. The varieties were maintained in Open Top Chambers (OTCs) at 40 ºC for two weeks. It is found that the variety V₁ was tolerant to high temperature stress followed by MR₂ and S₃₆. After 14 days of high temperature stress, significant differences were observed among the varieties for leaf yield per plant under control and stress conditions compared to control and 7^th day after stress. The variety G₂ and G₄ recorded highest reduction in Total Dry Matter Accumulation (TDMA) (55.60% and 55.96%) at 14^th day after stress. Whereas, the lowest reduction percent of TDMA was recorded in V₁ (23.06%) followed by MR₂ (30.80%) and S₃₆ (36.76%) compared over its control values at 14^th day after stress.

How to Cite

Kumar, S.R., Swathiga, G., Ramamoorthy, R., et al., 2022. Effects of High Temperature Stress on Physiological and Yield Parameters of Mulberry Varieties. Research Biotica 4(2), 58-61. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/58-61.

Site Specific NPK Requirements of Potato

Pranabjyoti Sarma — Sat, 28 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

The field experiments were conducted during the two successive winter seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the Vegetable Research Farm under the AICRP on Potato, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, CAU, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh to develop site specific NPK requirements of potato variety Kufri Jyoti on growth and yield attributes. The experiments included seven different treatments of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium percentage and were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Results showed that among the all the treatments maximum plant height was recorded in T₃ (150% RDF of NPK), maximum number of shoots per plant was observed in T₂ (50% RDF of NPK) and highest tuber yield was recorded (18.15 t ha^-1) in 150% RDF. Therefore, it was indicated that in both the years, the yield of potato greatly depend on the dose of fertilizers i.e., NPK application which influenced progressively in terms of producing highest tuber yield and net returns of the crop.

How to Cite

Sarma, P., Alice, A.K., Yatung, T., et al., 2022. Site Specific NPK Requirements of Potato. Research Biotica 4(2), 55-57. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/55-57.

Genetic Variability Analysis of M4-M5 Mutants of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Richa Bora — Wed, 25 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] is an important oilseed crop grown in India under diverse agro-ecological conditions in the temperate and subtropical regions during Rabi season. It fits well in the rainfed cropping system with low production cost and high potential to increase edible oil. Farmers in Assam grow rapeseed toria (Brassica rapa) due to its short duration but end up with low yield. Development of short-duration superior Indian mustard varieties is required to increase the average yield of rapeseed-mustard in Assam. Some Indian mustard genotypes were developed by induction of mutations at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. In the present study, 143 M₄ lines from the parent variety NRCHB-101 of Indian mustard developed through mutation breeding using gamma rays, were evaluated during Rabi 2020-21 followed by 116 M₅ selected lines during the Rabi 2021-22 to assess to genetic variability and interrelationships between yield component traits. Significant variation due to genotypes for the characters observed. Moderate genetic variation was observed for seed yield plant^-1, number of primary and secondary branches plant^-1. Moderate heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of siliquae in main shoot, number of primary branches, and number of secondary branches. The mutant lines JMM-NRCHB101-37, JMM-NRCHB101-57, JMM-NRCHB101-107 were found to be promising exhibiting superior performance for most of the yield attributing characters. The mutant line JMM-NRCHB101-86 and JMM-NRCHB101-95 also showed potentiality for early maturity with a high yield which could be exploited for the development of early maturing mustard varieties.

How to Cite

Bora, R., Hazarika, P., Jambhulkar, S.J., et al., 2022. Genetic Variability Analysis of M₄-M₅ Mutants of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Research Biotica 4(2), 51-54. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/51-54.

Proteomics of Cotton Fiber Development

A. Manivannan — Sat, 14 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

Cotton is one of the major sources for natural fiber with strong commercial relevance. Now a day, there is a substantial demand for the extra-long, strong and fine cotton fibres are the major choices of modern textile industry. The most efficient way to improve ﬁber quality is through breeding. However, it is a big challenge for cotton breeders to develop a cultivar having good ﬁber quality along with higher yield because a negative genetic correlation widely exists between quality and yield. However, complete draft genome sequence of cotton is now available, but functional genomic studies remain in their infancy, as this exhibit genetic constrains like recalcitrance and complex genome. Proteomics is an established complementary tool to genomics provides a powerful tool for functional analysis of cotton fiber productivity. In this review, a special emphasis is given to cotton fiber proteomics in response to fiber biogenesis, fiber quality and fiber colour that will give a better understanding for molecular basis of acquisition of fiber developmental mechanism. Various biological and molecular pathways that are mostly carried out and controlled by proteins guide this dynamic process of cotton fibre development. An integrating proteome data with genome information from cotton will provide exciting outcome for high quality fiber and yield to attain long-term goals of cotton sustainable production.

How to Cite

Manivannan, A., Cheeran, A.T., 2022. Proteomics of Cotton Fiber Development. Research Biotica 4(2), 47-50. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/47-50.

Assessment of Product Yield and Characteristics of Biocrude from Hydrothermal Liquefaction

R. Divyabharathi — Tue, 03 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

Biomass is a promising renewable energy source for fuel conversion. Hydrothermal liquefaction technology converts biomass into an energy-rich biofuel called biocrude which can potentially substitute fossil fuels. In this study, wet biomass namely water hyacinth, banana pseudostem, banana peduncle, wine waste and beer waste were investigated for biocrude production. The biomass macro molecules underwent anaerobic thermochemical disintegration to yield biocrude in the range of 7.3 to 16% at the hydrothermal liquefaction temperature and pressure of 275 ºC and 15 MPa respectively. Wine waste showed higher biocrude yield (16%) among the selected biomass materials with aqueous phase (63%) and char (3%) as by products. The recovered biocrude showed good quality fuel properties similar to diesel and bio-diesel with heating value of about 30 MJ kg^-1. GCMS and FTIR analyses proved the biocrude to be rich in aliphatic and aromatic fuel and chemical derivatives of alkenes, alcohols, ketones and amines which necessitate its potential to drop in advanced fuels and chemicals for supplementing conventional resources.

How to Cite

Divyabharathi, R., Subramanian, P., 2022. Assessment of Product Yield and Characteristics of Biocrude from Hydrothermal Liquefaction. Research Biotica 4(2), 42-46. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/42-46.

Rice Root Exudation: Signalling and Behavior of Shaping the DNRA Microbiome

Megha Kaviraj — Mon, 02 May 2022 00:00:00 IST

In natural ecosystems, plant health is mainly dependent on interactions with diverse and dynamic soil microbial communities. The microbial communities particularly those associated with nitrogen (N) cycling pathway inhabiting in rice field ecosystem have been described previously. Although, little is known about the taxonomic microbial players involved with dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), a short-circuit N retention pathway in terrestrial N cycle. Therefore, we have to focus on how rice plants shape DNRA bacteria and how they alter over the course of several rice growth stages. Besides, we also shed lights on rice root physiology and the role of root exudates to address plant physiological aspects that may influence plant-microbe interactions.

How to Cite

Kaviraj, M., Kumar, U., Chatterjee, S., 2022. Rice Root Exudation: Signalling and Behavior of Shaping the DNRA Microbiome. Research Biotica 4(2), 37-41. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/37-41.

Adaptability of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum to Different Temperature and pH Causing Stem-Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Jute

D. Mahato — Wed, 20 Apr 2022 00:00:00 IST

In order to ascertain the impact of physiological parameters like temperature and pH on growth and sporulation of M. phaseolina and F. oxysporum, causing stem-root rot and wilt diseases of jute, an experiment was conducted to examine. It was discovered that Fusarium oxysporum thrived at pH 5 (80.135 mg) while Macrophomina phaseolina grew best at neutral pH, or pH 7 (69.065 mg). M. phaseolina grows best at temperatures ranging from 35 °C to 30 °C, with no growth observed at lower temperatures. Fusarium oxysporum's growth peaked at 25 °C (90.00 mm), and it significantly decreased below 15 °C and above 40 °C. In response to changes in temperature, fungal development slows.

How to Cite

Mahato, D., 2022. Adaptability of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum to Different Temperature and pH Causing Stem-Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Jute. Research Biotica 4(2), 33-36. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.2.2022/33-36.

Population Dynamics of Thrips Infesting Bt Cotton in Relation to Weather Factors

M. Amutha — Sun, 27 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST

Population dynamics of thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindemann and their correlation with weather factors were investigated during 2017 to 2019 at ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Tamil Nadu. The incidence of thrips was recorded from the 39^th SMW (Standard Meteorological Week) and peaked at 43^rd SMW with the range of 0.7 to 14.7 thrips leaf^-1 in 1^stseason (Kharif 2017-18). At the second season (Summer 2018), thrips incidence occurred at the 10^th SMW and thrips population peaked in the 14^th SMW and varied between 1.5 and 15.8 thrips leaf^-1. Thrips incidence started during the 39^th SMW during the third season (Kharif 2018-19). The thrips population peaked in the 42^nd SMW, ranging from 1.4 to 11.2 thrips leaf^-1. After reaching its peak, thrips population was constantly decreased. Correlation matrix revealed that thrips population correlated positively with minimum temperature, maximum temperature and relative humidity although there was a negative association with rainfall. These findings will be useful for evolving appropriate management practices for thrips.

How to Cite

Amutha, M., 2022. Population Dynamics of Thrips Infesting Bt Cotton in Relation to Weather Factors. Research Biotica 4(1), 29-32. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.1.2022/29-32.

Performance of Vanaraja vs. Kamrupa Birds under Backyard System

H.K. Bhattacharyya — Sat, 19 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST

The present study was conducted at farmer’s field to evaluate performance of Vanaraja and Kamrup crossbred poultry under backyard system. The day old chicks of both birds were kept in artificial brooding at the KVK farm complex to ensure uninterrupted power supply round the clock up to 1 month to reduce chick mortality. After one month, chicks were supplied to farmers of adopted villages to establish 28 numbers of units (one unit per household) with 14 numbers of birds unit^-1. Body weight gain at monthly interval upto 6 months of age and egg production parameters were taken accordingly. It was found that both Vanaraja and Kamrupa were found good by the farmers with slightly little edge of Vanaraja over Kamrupa. Depending on the observations, actions were taken by the KVK to popularize both the breeds equally in the district afterwards.

How to Cite

Bhattacharyya, H.K., Baruah, S., Sarma, S., et al., 2022. Performance of Vanaraja vs. Kamrupa Birds under Backyard System. Research Biotica 4(1), 26-28. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.1.2022/26-28.

Nutrient Concentrations and Their Total Uptake as Affected by Liquid Bio-Fertilizers in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Neelam Singh — Tue, 01 Mar 2022 00:00:00 IST

A field experiment entitled “Nutrient concentrations and their total uptake as affected by liquid bio-fertilizers in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)" was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at research farm, COA, Gwalior on sandy clay loam soil to study the response of groundnut to chemical fertilizers and liquid bio-formulations. Four fertility levels viz., 25, 50, 75 and 100% RDF and three biofertilizer inoculation viz., no bio-formulations (B1), liquid Bio-NPK + Zn solubilizing bacteria (B2) and bio-grow (B3) to groundnut in 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice in split plot design. The yield and nutrient concentrations and their total uptake (N, P, K, Zn) was significantly highest with 100% RDF and liquid Bio-NPK + Zn solubilizing bacteria. However, their interaction had no significant influence on these parameters. But the highest values were observed when 100% RDF was applied in combination with liquid Bio-NPK + Zn solubilizing bacteria.

How to Cite

Singh, N., Joshi, E., Sasode, D.S., et al., 2022. Nutrient Concentrations and Their Total Uptake as Affected by Liquid Bio-Fertilizers in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Research Biotica 4(1), 21-25. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.1.2022/21-25.

Natural Farming - A Sustainable Ecological Approach

L.C. De — Sat, 05 Feb 2022 00:00:00 IST

Natural Farming is a chemical free traditional agro-ecology based diversified farming system which integrates crops, trees and livestock with functional biodiversity. Natural farming increases production, saves water, improves soil health and farmland ecosystems. It is considered as a cost effective farming practices with scope for raising employment and rural development. Types on natural farming includes Fertility farming, Organic Farming, Sustainable agriculture, Agro-ecology, Agroforestry, Ecoagriculture and Permaculture rely on principles of no tillage, no fertilizer, no pesticides or herbicides, no weeding and no pruning depending upon local climate and conditions.

How to Cite

De, L.C., 2022. Natural Farming - A Sustainable Ecological Approach. Research Biotica 4(1), 05-20. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/4.1.2022/05-20.

Soil Nutrient Dependency of Biochemical Pathways for Synthesis of Plant Compounds

Walton Sumner — Tue, 25 Jan 2022 00:00:00 IST

Micronutrient deficiency has been linked to various human diseases. Crops grown in mineral-depleted soils may have reduced food quality as measured by nutrient density because of any deficient minerals and a potential impaired ability to synthesize compounds essential to human health, including vitamins. Until recently, micronutrient density was not clearly understood and may have silently crept through the food chain, exacerbating various modern human diseases. We believe investigating the critical roles of soil micronutrients, especially magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in vitamin synthesis and function is urgently needed.

How to Cite

Sumner, W., Bardhan, S., 2022. Soil Nutrient Dependency of Biochemical Pathways for Synthesis of Plant Compounds. Research Biotica 4(1), 01-04. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.4.1.2022.01-04.

Optimizing Silkworm Rearing: The Impact of Environmental Factors and Advanced Technologies on Silk Quality and Production

U. Anil Kumar — Sat, 25 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST

Environmental factors and rearing technologies are pivotal in determining the physiological health and cocoon quality of silkworms (Bombyx mori). This comprehensive study delves into the intricate relationship between environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, air quality and light exposure and their collective impact on silkworm metabolism, growth and cocoon production. The research highlights the optimal conditions required for various stages of silkworm development and examines how modern rearing technologies can be leveraged to enhance silk yield and quality. Additionally, the study explores the role of nutrition, particularly the quality of mulberry leaves, in influencing cocoon morphology and silk filament strength. Case studies from different sericulture regions provide practical insights into the application of these findings. The results underscore the necessity of integrating advanced technological interventions with traditional sericulture practices to achieve sustainable and high-quality silk production. This paper offers valuable guidance for researchers, sericulturists and policymakers aiming to optimize environmental conditions and rearing techniques for improved silkworm productivity and silk quality.

How to Cite

Kumar, U.A., Parasuramudu, M., Nandhini, K., Reddy, Y.P., 2021. Optimizing silkworm rearing: The impact of environmental factors and advanced technologies on silk quality and production. Research Biotica 3(4), 195-202. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.4.2021/195-202.

Weekly Trend Detection in Meteorological Data for Crop Response

N.S. Vithlani — Wed, 15 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST

Climate is perceived to be changing worldwide and there has been growing concern towards the direction and magnitude of these changes. Greenhouse gases are responsible for maintaining earth's surface temperature suitable for sustaining life, but excess emission of GHGs increase the earth’s surface temperature and causing global warming. Globally, over the past several decades, about 80% of human-induced carbon dioxide emissions came from the burning of fossil fuels, while about 20% from deforestation and associated agricultural practices. The objective of the study are to document the ability of the turning test, MK test, Sen’s Slope and Spearman rank correlation to detect the weekly trend, and to discuss the different between statically significance and practical significance. Conclusions are parted in different season like Kharif, Rabi and Summer season. In which, overall found that the minimum temperature trend is increases during kharif season. In Rabi season the both temperature are increase so at that time the CWR requirements are more. If the minimum temperature is increase its effect on crops (Wheat and cumin) growth and yield is decrease in summer season. The high temperature from flowering and from podding increase flower numbers, but reduced fruit set, resulting in reduction in reproductive number, pod number and pos yield. High temp also reduced the total dry matter when imposed at flowering, but not at podding. However, pod weights were reduced by high air temperature during the flowering and podding.

How to Cite

Vithlani, N.S., Makwana, J.J., Prajapati, G.V., 2021. Weekly trend detection in meteorological data for crop response. Research Biotica 3(4), 188-194. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.4.2021/188-194.

A Study on Media Preferences of Dairy Farmers in Hilly District Reasi of J&K

Banarsi Lal — Thu, 02 Dec 2021 00:00:00 IST

In present era information channels play the crucial role in the transfer of technology among the farmers. Presently the Indian extension system is under tremendous pressure because the extension functionaries have to cater not only the vast population but also to perform administrative, election, input supply and other works. Under these circumstances, it is not practically possible to serve all the farmers, all the time for all the problems when ratio of extension worker and farmer, the sender and receiver is more than 1:1000. Thus, the potential of mass media can be exploited to serve the rural population in this direction. Dairy is an important occupation for the farmers of hilly areas of J&K. In order to increase the milk production of dairy animals, it is necessary that the dairy farmers of hilly areas should adopt the latest dairy farming technologies and the latest information on modern dairy technologies can be disseminated by the different sources. In order to know the media preferences of dairy farmers residing in hilly district Reasi of J&K, the present study was conducted in hilly district Reasi of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir which was selected purposively. A sample of 20 percent (150) farmers was selected randomly from the selected villages. A list of different sources of dairy information was prepared and farmers were asked to indicate their preferences on a three point scale. It was found that KVK extension personnel and Livestock Extension Personnel were highly preferred by the dairy farmers.

How to Cite

Lal, B., Tandon, V., 2021. A study on media preferences of dairy farmers in hilly district Reasi of J&K. Research Biotica 3(4), 184-187. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.3.4.2021.184-187.

Impact of Interventions of ICAR-KVK on Groundnut Cultivation and Socio-Economic Status of Farmers of Ariyalur District of Tamil Nadu, India

G. Alagukannan — Thu, 11 Nov 2021 00:00:00 IST

Groundnut occupies 3,38,300 ha in Tamil Nadu including 28,000 ha in Ariyalur District but its productivity is less (1.51 t ha^-1). To improve the productivity of Groundnut in the District, the Krish Vigyan Kendra (KVK) has implemented series of interventions viz., On-Farm Trials, Front Line Demonstrations, Cluster FLDs, trainings and method demonstrations from 2015-16 to 2019-20. The present study was undertaken to assess the impact of interventions of KVK in yield and income enhancement in groundnut cultivation. The study was conducted with the randomly selected 250 farmers at four blocks of Ariyalur District. The yield was recorded for all the years of the study both in control and demonstration plots. The parameters viz., frequency, mean, percentage, impact in adoption and yield increase were worked out. The adoption rate was the highest for the technologies viz., timely sowing and recommended spacing (96%), spray of crop boosters (86%), seed treatment (84%) and post harvest management (82%). The interventions of KVK had paved the way for increased productivity of Groundnut from 13.4 q ha^-1 during 2015-16 to 22.1 q ha^-1 during 2019-20 (65 percent increase). The adoption of improved varieties and technologies resulted in an additional income of Rs. 48,550.00 ha^-1. By the efforts of KVK and convergence activities of line department the improved practices were adopted in 13,250 ha. An additional cash inflow to District farmers realized was INR 64.33 crores annum^-1 and it benefitted 16,400 farmers and thus socio-economic empowerment of Groundnut growers of Ariyalur District of Tamil Nadu, India was improved.

How to Cite

Alagukannan, G., Thirumalaivasan, M., Rajkala, A., 2021. Impact of interventions of ICAR-KVK on groundnut cultivation and socio-economic status of farmers of Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu, India. Research Biotica 3(4), 179-183. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.3.4.2021.179-183.

Extent of Uses of Information and Communication Technology in Agriculture by the Vegetable Growers of Tripura

Rajib Das — Sun, 17 Oct 2021 00:00:00 IST

Information and Communication Technology has transformed the role of unified communication and integration of telecommunication to built easy system for better uses of ICTs which helped create systems for responding to a wide range of societal needs. ICT means combination of all those tools and machineries which used to handle the information and communication. It includes computes, networks, hardware, software’s, malwares etc. Timely accessibility of suitable information is urgent need for any country’s development. Harnessing advantages of Information and Communication Technology (hereafter to be mentioned as ICTs) for changing the face of agriculture, in terms of production and productivity and farmers’ wellbeing; calls for a separate set of knowledge, skill, ability and higher (if possible fullest) extent of use by the farming communities. ICT has a significant role to bridge the gap of information dissemination to the farmers. In the present study an attempt has been made to identify the extent of use of Information Communication Technology in Agriculture by the vegetable growers of Tripura. The study was conducted in south Tripura district of Tripura state taking a purposive sample of 120 nos. vegetable growers. The data was collected using pre-tested structure schedule via personal interview. It was found that vegetable growers preferred to utilize informal information sources more than ICTs in respect to vegetable cultivation. Therefore it is recommended to popularize the strategic use of user friendly ICT tools for better and faster outreach to the target farmers.

How to Cite

Das, R., Majumder, S., 2021. Extent of uses of information and communication technology in agriculture by the vegetable growers of Tripura. Research Biotica 3(4), 176-178. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.3.4.2021.176-178.

Soil Erosion from Farming Lands in Tropical Islands of India

B.K. Nanda — Tue, 28 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST

Soil erosion from crop lands of tropical South Andaman district in Bay Islands of India was estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Using 38 years of rainfall, monthly and annual values of rainfall erosivity (R) were determined. Average monthly value of R was ranged from 1.48 to 132.67 metric ton.m.ha^-1hr^-1. It was observed that 103.77 thousand tonnes of soil were lost annually from the cultivable area of the district at the rate of 59.40 t ha^-1yr^-1. Under the single cropped land, green gram cultivated in kharif season contributes highest rate of soil loss (83.64 t ha^-1yr^-1) and ginger yields lowest rate of soil loss (22.17 t ha^-1yr^-1), whereas, for double cropped land, sweet potato-vegetable-fallow contributes lowest rate of soil loss (24.91 t ha^-1yr^-1) and green gram-vegetable-fallow yield highest rate of soil loss (79.09 t ha^-1yr^-1). Mono-cropped land contributed more soil loss due to upland farming situation, thin canopy, weak soil binding by crop roots, more erodibility and erosivity in the peak soil-eroding season and fallow state of crop lands. The average annual rate of soil loss in mono-crop land was estimated as 59.40 t ha^-1yr^-1and that of double cropped land was estimated as 42.63 t ha^-1yr^-1. It is assessed that there would be a reduction of 28.23% soil loss if the mono cropped land is converted to double cropped land in the district.

How to Cite

Nanda, B.K., Sahoo, N., Panigrahi, B., 2021. Soil erosion from farming lands in tropical islands of India. Research Biotica 3(3), 170-175. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.3.3.2021.170-175.

Biochar Designed with Secondary Metabolites: Sustainable Agro-Technology against Abiotic and Biotic Stress

Jyoti Singh — Sun, 19 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST

Utilization of biochar i.e., solid product obtained through pyrolysis of biomass is captivating global interest in agricultural prospective. Along with reduction in anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases and bioremediation of natural resources, biochar as a soil amendment also upgrade the nutrient retention, soil tilth and rhizospheric microbial community. To enhance the benign effects of biochar in crop production, designed biochar has been produced by the immobilization of fertilizers and biocontrol agents on biochar according to the specific requirements. Several studies mentioned different virtues of designed biochar that includes antagonistic potential, plant growth promoting attributes and the ability to activate the induced systemic response against foliar pathogens during field trials. Due to complications regarding the efficacy faced by whole organism formulations of biocontrol agents, secondary metabolites has emerged as promising substitute with target specificity, invulnerable to geographical locations, longer shelf life, resistant against climatic conditions and large scale production. Metabolites obtained from biocontrol agents against abiotic and biotic stresses have proved their potential in antagonistic and plant growth promoting abilities. The objective of this article is to devise the combination of biochar with specific metabolites and to glean maximum advantages in our agro ecosystems.

How to Cite

Singh, J., Tripathi, A., 2021. Biochar designed with secondary metabolites: sustainable agro-technology against abiotic and biotic stress. Research Biotica 3(3), 164-169. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.3.2021.164-169.

Modified Mechanical and Methodological Attributes Interplay for Isolating Antioxidant Concomitant in Herbal Materials: An Innovative Concept

Kanti Meena — Mon, 13 Sep 2021 00:00:00 IST

The plant products and materials are believed to have numerous health benefits. The Asian continent is recognized as a hub for medicinal plants. As on today, a large populace relies on medicinal plants and their associated products for the treatments of ailments. The popularity of the medicinal plants is continuously increasing because they are assumed to impose no health risk and side effects unlike synthetic therapeutants. Edible vegetals and agroindustrial residues are considered to be abundant and promising sources of natural antioxidants. The extraction method, of crucial importance for both technical and economic reasons, ideally should be non-destructive, time efficient and suitable for producing high quantities of extracts, which should be processed by selective techniques to yield concentrates of enhanced antioxidant capacity. The extraction methods, solvent system used and sample nature greatly effects the final bioactive compounds yield and efficacy. This article briefly summarized the basics of extraction and separation of bioactive compounds and improvisation in further downline applications.

How to Cite

Meena, K., 2021. Modified mechanical and methodological attributes interplay for isolating antioxidant concomitant in herbal materials: An innovative concept. Research Biotica 3(3), 158-163. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.3.2021.158-163.

Effect of Levels and Sources of Sulphur on Nutrient Uptake, Economics and Post-Harvest Soil Nutrient Concentration of Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.)

P.C. Lallawmzuali — Thu, 26 Aug 2021 00:00:00 IST

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, SASRD, Nagaland University to study sesamum on nutrient uptake, economics and nutrient concentration on post-harvest soil as affected by different levels and sources sulphur. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. There were ten treatments viz., T₁ (control), T₂ (10 kg gypsum ha^-1), T₃ (20 kg gypsum ha^-1), T₄ (30 kg gypsum ha^-1), T₅ (40 kg gypsum ha^-1), T₆ (control), T₇ (10 kg elemental sulphur ha^-1), T₈ (20 kg elemental sulphur ha^-1), T₉ (30 kg elemental sulphur ha^-1) and T₁₀ (40 kg elemental sulphur ha^-1). The total Nitrogen (70.72 kg ha^-1), Phosphorus (7.91 kg ha^-1), Potassium (28.52 kg ha^-1) and Sulphur (6.05 kg ha^-1) uptake by the plant was recorded highest with 40 kg elemental sulphur ha^-1. Treatment T₁₀ recorded the highest net return as well as B:C ratio (%) with Rs. 24,130.40 ha^-1 and 1.21 respectively, while T₁ and T₆ recorded the lowest net return and were statistically at par. The available soil Nitrogen (435.53 kg ha^-1) after harvest was recorded highest in T₁ (control). The available soil Phosphorus (48.75 kg ha^-1) and Potassium (214.27 kg ha^-1) was recorded highest in T₁ (control) and available soil Sulphur (22.15 kg ha^-1) was recorded highest in T₁₀.

How to Cite

Lallawmzuali, P.C., Tzudir, L., Nongmaithem, D., 2021. Effect of levels and sources of sulphur on nutrient uptake, economics and post-harvest soil nutrient concentration of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.). Research Biotica 3(3), 154-157. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.3.2021.154-157.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa (Rosaceae: Fragaria) using Cytochrome C Heme Attachment Protein (ccsA) Gene

Kundansing Rajpalsing Jadhao — Thu, 15 Jul 2021 00:00:00 IST

Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity were inferred using nucleotide sequences of chloroplast ccsAgene (cytochrome c heme attachment protein, for c-type cytochrome synthesis) of strawberry, F. x ananassa and other Fragaria species. Genomic DNA was isolated from fresh and green leaves of strawberry cultivar ‘Chandler’ seedlings. The ccsA gene sequence was amplified and isolated by using gene specific primers designed from consensus sequences of Fragaria species. After sequencing, the isolated ccsA gene sequence was corrected using BioEdit programs. Then ccsA nucleotide sequence isolated from cultivated strawberry (F. x ananassa) cultivar ‘Chandler’ was deposited in GeneBank at NCBI with accession number MK872805.1. Based on the BLASTn hit results, two separate datasets were prepared, one for Fragaria genus and other for Rosaceae family species to study the diversity analyses. MEGA 7.0 program was then used for phylogenetic analyzes and the detection of evolutionary genetic divergence between the species. For Fragaria genus which also included cultivated strawberry (F. x ananassa) ccsA gene sequence, the mean nucleotide composition was estimated as 29.3% A, 37.8% T, 15.5% C and 17.4% G. The lowest divergence distance i.e., 0.00 was estimated for Fragaris species, while the highest distance 1.00 was observed only for Fragaria nipponica (KY769125.1). Overall, the molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that no genetic variation was observed in Fragaria species that was due to the highly conserved chloroplast nucleotide sequences of ccsA gene during evolution. However, the ccsA nucleotide sequences can be useful to study intra genus evolutionary relationship between Rosaceae family members.

How to Cite

Jadhao, K.R., Dey, P., 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa (Rosaceae: Fragaria) using Cytochrome C Heme attachment protein (ccsA) gene. Research Biotica 3(3), 145-153. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.3.2021.145-153.

A Review on Agronomic Biofortification for Improving Food and Nutritional Security

Sumit Sow — Sun, 27 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST

Micronutrients are important not only for better productivity of crops, but also essential for sustaining human and animal health. There is a widespread deficiency of micronutrients especially zinc in the Indian soils. Micronutrient malnutrition is known to affect more than half of the world’s population and considered to be among the most serious global challenges to mankind. Malnutrition is of great public health significance in various developing and underdeveloped countries. Deficiency of iron and zinc can cause various severe health issues. Modern plant breeding has been historically focused towards achieving high agronomic yield rather than nutritional quality, and other efforts related to solve the problem have been mainly through industrial fortification or pharmaceutical supplementation. In humans, problems caused due to micronutrient deficiencies can be solved through biofortification. Biofortification is a promising and sustainable agriculture-based strategy to reduce micronutrient deficiency in dietary food substances. Effective biofortification techniques need to be recognized and applied in an effort to enrich the micronutrient content in the staple crops. Foliar fertilization with micronutrients often increases nutrient uptake and efficient allocation in the edible plant parts than soil fertilization, especially in the case of cereals. Agronomic biofortification can be a way to enrich the food crops leading to decreased micronutrient malnutrition in humans. Moreover, it is the most cost effective and sustainable solution for tackling the micronutrient deficiencies as the intake of micronutrients is on a continuing basis with no additional costs to the consumer in the arid-tropics and sub-tropics of developing countries.

How to Cite

Sow, S., Ranjan, S., 2021. A review on agronomic biofortification for improving food and nutritional security. Research Biotica 3(2), 139-144. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.139-144.

Phenotyping of Gamma Rays Induced Mutations in Lathyrus

Shanti R. Patil — Mon, 21 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST

An experiment on induction of mutation in lathyrus by gamma rays was conducted by using treated seeds of lathyrus cv. NLK-73 with 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 Gy doses of gamma rays in non-replicated trial along with control. The treated material along with untreated control were sown in M₁ generation and the seeds collected from individual plant of M₁ generation were used to raise M₂ generation during Rabi 2017 and 2018 respectively. Fifteen different types of morphological and biochemical mutants viz., chlorophyll, early flowering, tall, broad leaves, profuse branches, more pods, flower colour, purple colour leaf, narrow leaves, more pods and tall, broad leaves and tall, broad leaves and profuse branches, profuse branches and tall, profuse branches and more pods, high yield and more pods were identified and isolated. Mutation frequency and mutagenic efficiency increased with the increase in dose upto 250 Gy and 200 Gy respectively, later on both decreased with increase in the dose of gamma rays. Mutagenic effectiveness decreased with the increase in doses of gamma rays. Significant variations among the treatments for all the mutants were recorded in M₂ generation of Lathyrus and hence, offer scope for identifying mutants.

How to Cite

Patil, S.R., Chavan, V.T., Kuchanwar, O., 2021. Phenotyping of gamma rays induced mutations in lathyrus. Research Biotica 3(2), 133-138. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.133-138.

Black Soldier Fly (BSF): A Cost Effective Alternate Protein Source for Sustainable Livestock Production

Nonigopal Shit — Wed, 16 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST

Recycling of organic waste material or bio-waste is still fairly limited in low and middle income settings, although this is by far the largest fraction of all generated municipal wastes such as households, commercial and institutional activities in urban population. Further, expansion of intensive and profitable livestock production are constrained by increasing feed costs, especially the protein ingredients. Both of these factors lead to the need for alternative feed ingredients that are cheap, good quality animal protein sources and do not require extensive land and would be available. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) can remarkably able to transform any kind of organic waste biomass into protein rich larvae which can meet the demand of reliable protein. In contrast to other dipteran species, BSF is not considered as pest and its larvae can reduce populations of harmful bacteria. They feed on organic resources i.e., fruit remains, animal manure, vegetables and brewers’ spent grains and convert into high-quality insect protein and fat. They contain high amount of crude protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and larval meal has been satisfactorily used in livestock and fish feed. Replacement of soyabean and fish meal with BSF larvae is evidently cost effective and significant in terms of body weight gain in broiler, hen day egg production in layers and growth in growing pigs. However, dietary inclusion of BSF larvae meal needs more attention to the total fat content of the diet and its undesirable effect on the nutritional composition or flavor of meat and eggs.

How to Cite

Shit, N., 2021. Black soldier fly (BSF): A cost effective alternate protein source for sustainable livestock production. Research Biotica 3(2), 128-132. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.128-132.

Methylene Blue Spot Test for Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Estimation in Acid Soils of India

Manoj Kumar — Mon, 07 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST

In order to establish a simple, rapid and cost effective method of estimating cation exchange capacity (CEC) of acidic soils, we tested the utility of methylene blue spot test (MBST) vis-à-vis commonly used neutral 1N ammonium acetate method (NAAM) in twenty acidic soils. The soils collected from ten different states of India varied widely in pH, organic carbon content and texture. Averaged across the soils, MBST-CEC was 37% lower than the NAAM-CEC, due possibly to the differences in pH at which the two methods operate. The CEC values estimated by MBST correlated strongly (R=0.89) with those obtained by NAAM, implying that MBST can be used satisfactorily to measure CEC of acidic soils. An equation for inter-conversion of CEC values obtained by the two methods was also worked out. Since NAAM is a time taking and tedious procedure, we recommend MBST method for routine estimation of CEC in acidic soils of India. The method is easily applicable with simple test equipments including filter papers, a glass rod or dropper and methylene blue dye. More than 60 samples a day can easily be analyzed for CEC using MBST method. Being a simple, rapid and cost effective method, the MBST can be included in rapid soil testing kits. Given the importance of CEC in soil fertility and plant nutrition, MBST-CEC may also be included in the soil health cards distributed to the farmers.

How to Cite

Kumar, M., Hazarika, S., Choudhury, B.U., Verma, B.C., Ramesh, T., Moirangthem, P., Rajkhowa, D.J., Dey, J.K., Oppo, P., Devi, M.H., 2021. Methylene blue spot test for cation exchange capacity (CEC) estimation in acid soils of India. Research Biotica 3(2), 124-127. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.124-127.

In vitro Evaluation of Leaf Extracts against Macrophomina phaseolina in Mulberry through Poisoned Food Technique

Deshmukh M.M. — Tue, 01 Jun 2021 00:00:00 IST

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is a valuable tree of immense importance in silk industry due to its foliage, which constitute the chief food for silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) the source of fabulous silk. One of the major constraints in the cultivation and production of quality mulberry leaf is the attack of pests and diseases. Among the several diseases, root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is becoming a serious problem in many mulberry growing areas of south India. The root rot infected root samples were collected from the field and used for isolation of the pathogen. Cold water extracts of 10 plants species were screened against the mulberry root rot pathogen M. phaseolina. Among them, two plants extracts viz., curry leaf (Murraya koenigii L.) and Marunthukoorkan (Coleus forskohlii) showed the 67.77 percent and 61.10 percent inhibition of mycelial growth over control respectively. Similarly the sclerotial production showed 87.33 percent and 82.15 percent inhibition over control respectively.

How to Cite

Deshmukh, M.M., Vanitha, S., 2021. In vitro evaluation of leaf extracts against Macrophomina phaseolina in mulberry through poisoned food technique. Research Biotica 3(2), 121-123. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.121-123.

Lime Pelleting to Improve Pulse Production on Acid Soils: Evidence from Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Manoj Kumar — Thu, 27 May 2021 00:00:00 IST

Liming is the key to success of crop production on acid soils. The practice however has not met wider adoption, due largely to the higher doses of lime requirement. To ascertain the effect of lime pelleting (seed pelleting with lime) vis-a-vis higher doses of lime as required for furrow application and broadcasting, we conducted a greenhouse pot experiment wherein common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was grown with five treatments: T₁: control (no lime), T₂: lime pelleting with gum arabic, T₃: lime pelleting with rice starch, T₄: lime application @ 300 kg ha^-1 equivalent dose, and T₅: lime application @ 3000 kg ha^-1 equivalent dose. Lime pelleting caused 12-14% improvement in crop yield compared to 31 and 38% increments at higher doses of lime application i.e., T₄ and T₅, respectively, with a commensurate increase in associated yield parameters. Higher leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD index) caused by liming and lime pelleting suggested improved plant nutrition. Rhizosphere pH increased with liming (p≤0.05), with corresponding reductions in exchangeable Al and acidity, but the effects of lime pelleting were discernible only at lower levels of statistical significance (p≤0.2). Contrary to the popular belief, liming reduced soil P availability, implying that the growth stimulation by liming was not caused by increased P availability, but by reduced Al toxicity and ensuing improvement in plant’s nutrient acquisition efficiency. To conclude, lime pelleting is proposed as an alternative low-cost, easily-adoptable technology for reducing lime requirement and for improving pulse productivity on acidic soils.

How to Cite

Kumar, M., Hazarika, S., Choudhury, B.U., Verma, B.C., Rajkhowa, D.J., Shinde, R., Yadav, S., Kumar, A., 2021. Lime pelleting to improve pulse production on acid soils: Evidence from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Research Biotica 3(2), 116-120. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.116-120.

Awareness on Bio-Based Farming System: A Study in Four Districts of South West Bengal

Debabrata Giri — Thu, 20 May 2021 00:00:00 IST

To meet the demand for the growing population, post-independence Indian agriculture was highly based on synthetic based modern agriculture. Though there is a positive change highly contributed economic growth, this chemical-based agriculture was criticized from environmental aspects. Conflict arises between synthetic based agriculture and increasing demand for non-chemical agriculture like Bio-Based Farming System (BBFS), that are most important for maintaining soil fertility as well as soil health for sustainable agricultural production. To solve the conflict, awareness level of the farmers is more important between introducing any farming system like Bio-Based Farming System or maintaining a chemical traditional farming system. The present study is an attempt to study the awareness level of the farmers practicing bio-based farming system. Four districts of Southern West Bengal from which, four blocks and then four villages from those blocks have been randomly selected for the study. A total of 200 farmers have been selected (50 from each village). Results showed that 78% farmers strongly agree that quality of BBFS product is good than chemical based product; 67% respondents strongly agree that BBFS farming system is profitable. Similarly, about 70% respondents are aware about the use of crop rotation and recommended Package of Practice.

How to Cite

Giri, D., Roy, B.C., Sarkar, D., Das, S., 2021. Awareness on bio-based farming system: A study in four districts of South West Bengal. Research Biotica 3(2), 110-115. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.110-115.

Use of Pineapple Fruit Juice as a Technology for Softening of Oak Tasar Cocoons

Yengkokpam Ranjana Devi — Mon, 10 May 2021 00:00:00 IST

Oak tasar cocoons are difficult to reel due to the presence of high amounts of protein-tannin complexes. The chemical methods developed for reeling these cocoons is not readily adopted by the common tasar silk reelers and weavers due to various reasons including relatively low reeling performance, low fuel efficiency, complicated procedure and prolonged cooking time. Proteolytic enzymes that cleaves the internal peptide bonds in an amino acid chain have the potential to effect partial solubilisation of the proteinaceous silk gum (sericin) involved in biding the silk (fibroin) strands together in silkworm cocoon, an essential step in the silk cocoon cooking and reeling. Pineapple fruit extract rich in cysteine endopeptidases has a potential application in cooking and reeling of oak tasar (Antheraea proylei J.) silk cocoons which cannot be softened by boiling in plain water unlike the mulberry cocoons (Bombyx mori L). The experimental results from the present investigation on the oak tasar cocoon cooking with pineapple extract at room temperature and subsequent study have indicated for an applicability of pineapple extract as an effective agent for the oak tasar (Antheraea proylei J.) cocoon cooking and reeling. It is observed that enzymatic cocoon cooking has advantages over chemical method. The method involving pineapple extract is a relatively better method regarding its overall better reeling performances and also mostly due to the abundant availability of pineapples grown in the oak tasar belt in India. Moreover, the method is environmentally friendly and is readily accessible to the common tasar silk reelers and weavers.

How to Cite

Devi, Y.R., Singh, L.R., Devi, S.K., 2021. Use of pineapple fruit juice as a technology for softening of oak tasar cocoons. Research Biotica 3(2), 107-109. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.107-109.

Technical Facts on the Current Scenario and Future Potential of Jackfruit Processing

G.S. Chikkanna — Fri, 30 Apr 2021 00:00:00 IST

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) is one of the important underutilized fruit belonging to the family Moraceae and is the largest edible fruit. Jackfruit is often called as “poor man’s bread fruit” because it is cheaply available in large quantities during the season. Jackfruit seeds are normally discarded or steamed and eaten as a snack or used in some local dishes; seed flour is used in some biscuit factories in various bakery products, etc. The use of jackfruit bulbs, seeds, and its other parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. It contains high levels of carbohydrates, protein, starch, calcium, vitamins, free sugar (sucrose), fatty acids, ellagic acid, and amino acids like arginine, cystine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, theanine, and tryptophan. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antifungal activity. This chapter describes an overview of the functional, medicinal, nutritional, and health aspects of jackfruit.

How to Cite

Chikkanna, G.S., 2021. Technical facts on the current scenario and future potential of jackfruit processing. Research Biotica 3(2), 94-106. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.94-106.

Therapeutic and Medicinal Properties of “The Silent Healer” Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller): A Systematic Review

Harshavardhan, M. — Tue, 20 Apr 2021 00:00:00 IST

The medicinal plants are widely recommended worldwide by the traditional and modern medical practitioners for curing various diseases of patients. Aloe vera is well known for its considerable medicinal properties. Aloe is widely used in wound healing, treating burns, minimizing frost bite damage, protection against skin damage from X-rays, lung cancer, intestinal problems, increasing High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), reducing Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), reducing blood sugar in Diabetics, fighting against Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), allergies and improving immune system. Aloe is used in traditional Indian medicine for constipation, colic, skin diseases, worm infestation, and infections. It is found in variety of commercial products such as, pills, sprays, ointments, lotions, liquids, drinks, jellies and creams. All these uses associated with Aloe vera have been attributed to the polysaccharides contained in the gel of the leaves. The chemistry of the plant has revealed that there are more than 200 different biologically active substances.

How to Cite

Harshavardhan, M., 2021. Therapeutic and medicinal properties of “The Silent Healer” Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller): A systematic review. Research Biotica 3(2), 88-93. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.2.2021.88-93.

Pharmacological Properties and Screening of Antibacterial Activities of Bael (Aegle marmelos L.)

M.A. Kuchay — Wed, 31 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

Bael (Aegle marmelos) used as a medicinal plant in the Ayurveda to treat various gastrointestinal diseases in infants and adults. In India, it is locally known as 'Bael'. Various phytochemical constituents of different parts of bael are responsible for hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, analgesic activity and antibacterial activity. Antibacterial screening of medicinal constituents extracted from plant parts with different solvents had vast therapeutic potential which can provide lesser side effects than with synthetic antibiotics. Among the all parts, the fruits were showing premier results against bacterial strains. Phytochemical screening of aqueous, metholic, and chloroform extract of different parts of Aegle marmelos against bacterial strains. The maximum inhibition zones against bacterial strains are dose dependent and extract solvents. The antibacterial activity varied in different parts of bael tree due to the presence of bioactive constituents such as tannins, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, skimminine, aegelin, lupeol, cineole, citral, citronellal, cuminaldehyde, eugenol, marmesin, marmelosin, and polyphenols.

How to Cite

Kuchay, M.A., Sharma, D.D., Kaushal, B., Altaf, S., Kumar, V., 2021. Pharmacological properties and screening of antibacterial activities of bael (Aegle marmelos L.). Research Biotica 3(1), 81-87. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.81-87.

Variability and Association Studies in Indian Mustards (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss)

Runa Singh — Sat, 27 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

A collection of 25 Indian mustard genotypes/ varieties were evaluated during Rabi 2017-18 to study the extent of variation and interrelationship between the yield characters. The analysis of variance indicated highly significance among treatments for all the characters expect silique length, day to 50% flowering and days to 80% maturity. Phenotypic coefficients of variability (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficients of variability (GCV) for all the characters. Estimates of heritability (broad sense) ranged from 22.59% for days to 50% flowering and 66.79 for seed yield/plant. The expected genetic advance in percent of mean ranged between 2.45% for days to 80% maturity to 28.43% for seed yield per plant. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was found for total no. of siliqua per plant, plant height and seed yield/plant. In general, genotypic correlations were higher than phenotypic ones in magnitude for all the characters. The seed yield/plant (g) showed highly significant and positive correlation with total no. of siliquae per plant while significant and negative correlation with days to 80% maturity, number of seeds/siliqua, number of primary branch and siliqua length, at genotypic level. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the highest positive direct effect on seed yield (g) was exhibited by plant height, 1000 seed weight and siliqua length while negative direct effect was recorded with days to 80% maturity, number of seed per siliqua and plant height on seed yield at phenotypic level. Considering the high estimates of different genetic parameters, the present study suggested that Patna Mustard, RH-30, Gujarat Mustard and Varuna are the important varieties and plant height, seed yield/plant and total no. of siliqua/plant to be considered for selecting high yielding mustard genotypes.

How to Cite

Singh, R., Maurya, A.K., Mishra, S.P., Dixit, G.P., 2021. Variability and association studies in Indian mustards (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss). Research Biotica 3(1), 74-80. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.74-80.

Nature’s Own Miracle: Air Plants an Emerging Ornamental Wonder

Dhanush Swaroop Sadhu — Wed, 24 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

In the plant kingdom, air plants are indispensable creations of nature and recently gaining popularity. Due to their uniqueness in absorption of water and nutrients through fuzzy trichomes present on leaf surface, that sets them far apart from other plants and belongs to epiphytic group. They have a reputation of being well known accumulators of heavy metals present in the air and therefore, acts as an excellent biomonitors for purifying the atmosphere. In addition to their medicinal values, their appearance itself makes them aesthetic and a signature ornamental plant as they grow dangling in air without any soil as a substrate. These are low maintenance plants as they require watering once or twice in a week. So they make up a good specimen in a florist’s collection of ornamental wonders. This review article highlights interesting facts about air plants, its maintenance and usefulness.

How to Cite

Sadhu, D.S., Naika, M.B.N., 2021. Nature’s own miracle: Air plants an emerging ornamental wonder. Research Biotica 3(1), 69-73. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.69-73.

Characterization of Newly Developed Crease Resistant and High Drape Soft Silk Fabrics and Confirmation of Chemical Changes using Raman Spectroscopy

G. Hariraj — Sun, 21 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

Soft silk fabrics are extensively used for the production of dress materials and soft sarees. The perennial problem in soft silk fabrics is the wrinkle and drape ability problems. CSTRI has developed new technology for the production of wrinkle resistant and high drape degummed soft silk fabrics using chemical treatment. In the earlier studies the suitability of the chemical has been confirmed for the improvement of softness of fabrics and standardized the processing conditions. In the present study influence of chemical concentration at different temperatures and duration of treatment were studied. It was found that higher the temperature of treatment the chemical reaction was effective and the fabrics have shown improved drapeability and wrinkle resistant. In order to study the chemical modification on the fabrics, the untreated and untreated at different temperatures were studied for Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectroscopy data has been analyzed and it could be observed that the chemical treatment at 60 ºC and 75 ºC has shown shift at 1225 and 1650 wave number, which may be attributed to tertiary level molecular structure change in amide I and amide III level due to chemical treatment. Thus the study indicate that using the chemical treatment at high temperatures, the degummed soft silk fabrics could be improved to have better crease recovery, drape, Flexural rigidity and tensile characteristics.

How to Cite

Hariraj, G., Kadhar, K.M.A., Geetanjali, K., Naik, S.V., 2021. Characterization of newly developed crease resistant and high drape soft silk fabrics and confirmation of chemical changes using Raman Spectroscopy. Research Biotica 3(1), 63-68. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.63-68.

Therapeutic Uses of “Wonder Herb” Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) - A Review

Raviprasad Sajjan, M. — Thu, 18 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

The medicinal plants are widely recommended worldwide by the traditional and modern medical practitioners for curing various diseases of patients. Tulsi or Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is an annual herb belonging to the mint family. Tulsi emits a spicy scent when bruised. It is believed to purify expectorants, and called the “wonder herb”. In traditional systems of medicine, different parts (leaves, stem, flower, root, seeds and even whole plant) of tulsi are proved to possess several medicinal properties. It has also been suggested to possess variety of biological/ pharmacological activities such as anti-allergic, anti-asthmatic, anti-arthritic, antibacterial, anti-coagulant, anticancer, anti-cataract, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-diabetic, anti-emetic, anti-fertility, antifungal, anti-hyper-cholesterolaemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-leucodermal, anti-malarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-protozoal, antistress, anti-spasmodic, anti-thyroidic, antiulcer, antiviral, anthelmentic, analgesic, adaptogenic cardio protective, chemo-preventive, central nervous system (CNS) depressant, hypoglycemic, hepato-protective, hypotensive, hypolipidemic, immune-modulatory, memory enhancer, radio-protective and diaphoretic actions. The active constituent, eugenol (l-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene) present in Tulsi has been found to be largely responsible for the therapeutic potentials. The pharmacological studies have established a scientific basis for therapeutic uses of this plant.

How to Cite

Sajjan, M.R., 2021. Therapeutic uses of “Wonder Herb” Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) - A review. Research Biotica 3(1), 57-62. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.57-62.

Phenomics: Approaches and Application in Improvement of Vegetable Crops

Md. Ramjan — Mon, 15 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

Increasing consumption of food, feed, fuel and to meet global food security needs for the rapidly growing human population, raise the necessity to breed high yielding crops that can adapt to the future climate changes, particularly in developing countries. To solve these global challenges, novel approaches are required to identify quantitative phenotypes and to explain the genetic basis of agriculturally important traits. These advances will facilitate the screening of germplasm with high performance characteristics in resource limited environments. High-throughput phenotyping platforms have also been developed that capture phenotype data from plants in a non-destructive manner. In this review, we discuss recent developments of high throughput plant phenotyping infrastructure including imaging techniques and corresponding principles for phenotype data analysis. Phenomics is a way of speeding up phenotyping with the help of high-tech imaging systems and computing power. It has been a practice in plant breeding for selecting the best genotype after studying phenotypic expression in different environmental conditions and also using them in hybridization programs, to develop new improved genotypes.

How to Cite

Ramjan, M., Hazarika, B.N., Chanu, N.B., 2021. Phenomics: Approaches and application in improvement of vegetable crops. Research Biotica 3(1), 47-56. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.47-56.

General Studies of Induced Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress on Horticultural Crops

Chandan Singh Ahirwar — Fri, 12 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

Genotoxicity is a word in genetics defined as a destructive effect on a cell's genetic material (DNA & RNA) affecting its integrity. Genotoxins are mutagens; they can cause mutations. In genetics, genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity, all mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic. The alteration can have direct or indirect effects on the DNA: the induction of mutations, mistimed event activation, and direct DNA damage leading to mutations. The permanent, heritable changes can affect either somatic cells of the organism or germ cells to be passed on to future generations, the alteration can have direct or indirect effects on the DNA: the induction of mutations, mistimed event activation, and direct DNA damage leading to mutations. The permanent, heritable changes can affect either somatic cells of the organism or germ cells to be passed on to future generations.

How to Cite

Ahirwar, C.S., Nath, R., 2021. General studies of induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress on horticultural crops. Research Biotica 3(1), 44-46. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.44-46.

Weed Survey in Different Fields of Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in North Pulinpur Area under Khowai District of Tripura

Lord Litan Debbarma — Mon, 08 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

The present investigation was carried out during kharif season 2017-18 at North Pulinpur area under Khowai district, Tripura (23°52.836′ N, latitude of 91°35.275′ E, longitude, and 940 m above sea level). North Pulinpur is one of the drought prone areas of Khowai district, Tripura. The area falls under the subtropical hill zone, and the climate is humid. An average annual rainfall ranges from 2050-2550 mm. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture acidic in reaction with a soil pH of 4.5-5.8 and medium in fertility status with low water holding capacity. Rice field surveyed covering 435 fields of four villages (V-I, II, III and IV) the number of respective field was 102, 141, 75 and 117, respectively. Weeds indicated there were 42 species belonging to 20 families of which 22 species were broad-leaved, 10 grasses, 7 sedges and 3 aquatics. Species diversity ranking of weed community for the villages were Village-II>Village-III>Village-I>Village-IV. Based on Sorenson’s Index of Similarity of the S value is 87.67-102.77 %. The highest S value of 102.77% was between Village-I and Village-III, while the lowest value of 87.67% between Village-II and Village-IV. The higher S value indicated that species composition between villages was closely similar and the lower S value indicated species compositions in both villages were diverse. Out of 42 weed species, six species namely Oryza sativa (Weedy rice) followed by Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, Cynodon dactylon, Ludwigia hyssopifolia, Fimbristylis milacea were most abundant in all villages with a greater proportion of severe infestation (score of 5:41-50 % weed cover).

How to Cite

Debbarma, L.L., Dey, D., Nath, D., 2021. Weed survey in different fields of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) in North Pulinpur area under Khowai district of Tripura. Research Biotica 3(1), 37-43. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.37-43.

Mobile SMS Advisories: An Analytical Study among Farmers

Prabha D. — Fri, 05 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

Mobile phones play a major role to aid the farmers in promoting production activities. Tamil Nadu is a prime state in India witnessed huge volume of subscribers of mobile agro services from public advisories and also private advisories. Public mobile advisory system in the biggest service provider in Tamil Nadu where the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) and the state department of agriculture are two big monsters providing advisories to the farmers through SMS. The study was conducted in Annur and Kinthukadavu blocks of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu with a sample of 200 farmers subscribing the SMS based agro advisories. The study revealed that little more than two-third of the respondents (67.50%) were using ordinary mobiles. Majority of the respondents (74.00%) expressed that the technical input on advance warning of weather risks was adequate, With regard to the inadequate services, cent percent of the respondents had expressed that the information on cold storage networks and transportation were inadequate. Most of the respondents (87.00%) expressed that they received relevant of messages on plant protection, With regard to non relevancy of the messages, cent percent of the respondents pointed out messages on cold storage networks and transportation. An overwhelming majority of the respondents (95.50%) had expressed that they received timely messages on advance warning of weather risks, with regard to the untimely messages, advisories on cold storage networks and transportation (100.00%). Cent percent of the respondents’ preferred only text based messages.

How to Cite

Prabha, D., Arunachalam, R., 2021. Mobile SMS advisories: An analytical study among farmers. Research Biotica 3(1), 33-36. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.33-36.

Application of Ground-Based Remote Sensing in Identifying Biotic Stress: A Review

Jitendra Kumar — Mon, 01 Mar 2021 00:00:00 IST

The remote sensing technique has been used for diverse applications in agriculture. An array of continuous narrow wavebands in the hyperspectral remote sensing provide an understanding of the subtle changes in biochemical and biophysical attributes of crops and their different physiological processes. Hyperspectral remote sensing has also been used in discrimination of crops and their cultivars, assessing abiotic and biotic stresses, quantitative estimation of crop nutrient status and soil health. Knowledge of biotic and abiotic conditions over large areas bears the potential to reduce agricultural losses in terms of productivity. Therefore, this article aims to present an overview of the quantification of different biotic and abiotic stress by remote sensing techniques and focuses on future directions for researchers.

How to Cite

Kumar, J., Vashisth, A., Sinha, N.K., Mohanty, M., Rani, A., Chaudhary, R.S., 2021. Application of ground-based remote sensing in identifying biotic stress: A review. Research Biotica 3(1), 28-32. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.28-32.

Profitability of Paddy Cultivation under Different Level of Mechanization in Mandya District of Karnataka

Satishkumar, M. — Thu, 25 Feb 2021 00:00:00 IST

This study was carried out to assess the comparative cost structure and profitability of paddy cultivation under different level of mechanization in Cauvery command area of Karnataka. 120 respondents were selected randomly and the sample respondents were post-stratified based on the level of farm mechanization. The results revealed that, the cost of cultivation of paddy in the study areas was lower in case of farmers harvesting and threshing using combine harvester (Rs. 75,583.00 /ha), followed by harvesting manually and threshing mechanically (Rs. 76,239.00 /ha), harvesting and threshing manually (Rs. 78,125.00 /ha), respectively. The farmers using combine harvester for harvesting realized increase in net returns in paddy cultivation. The mechanization index in paddy was about 10-40 percent in study area based on the level of farm mechanization. The results clearly depicted the importance of the farm mechanization in realizing additional profit to the farmers.

How to Cite

Satishkumar, M., Umesh, K.B., 2021. Profitability of paddy cultivation under different level of mechanization in Mandya district of Karnataka. Research Biotica 3(1), 25-27. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.25-27.

Effect of Sowing Dates, Cutting Regimes and Nutritional Sprays at Reproductive Stage on Seed Yield and Quality of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)

Avinash Karjule — Fri, 19 Feb 2021 00:00:00 IST

A field experiment was conducted in the field of Seed Technology Research Unit, MPKV, Rahuri during rabi season 2014-15 for the study of the effect of normal and late sowing, last cutting regimes and nutritional sprays at the time of flowering on the seed yield and quality attributes of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). It was observed that the yield attributing characters viz., number of flowers plant^-1 (41), number of seeds flower^-1 (52), seed yield plot^-1 (226 g), seed yield ha^-1 (1.34 q) and days to 50% flowering (116) were significantly superior at normal sowing time i.e. 15^th October, and with the last cut 10 days before normal last cut i.e. 18^th Feb. and nutritional sprays of KNO₃ @ 2% and Borax @ 100 ppm (separate spray) at the reproductive stage over the other treatment combinations. Similarly, seed quality parameters viz., germination (94.00%) was significantly superior in the same treatment combination. For higher seed yield and quality seed production in Maharashtra sowing at normal sowing time i.e. 15^th October last cut 10 days before normal last cut i.e. 18^th Feb. and nutritional sprays of KNO₃ @ 2% and Borax @ 100 ppm (separate spray) at the reproductive stage.

How to Cite

Karjule, A., Shelar, V., 2021. Effect of sowing dates, cutting regimes and nutritional sprays at reproductive stage on seed yield and quality of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). Research Biotica 3(1), 19-24. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.19-24.

Bio-Energetics in Selected Eco-Races of Eri Silkworm

Pallavi — Sat, 13 Feb 2021 00:00:00 IST

Ericulture is mainly confined to North-Eastern region of India accounting nearly 98% of eri silk produced in the country. Eri silkworm is polyphagous in habit and acclimatized to hardy climatic zones of dry lands. The availability of food plants in various states of the country has opened new vistas for the development of ericulture. An attempt has been made to work out the bio-energetics of selected eco-races of eri silkworm in relation to castor varieties. Total food consumption and digestion differed significantly among the castor hybrid/ variety and eco-races of eri silkworm. Highest total food consumption was registered when Borduar eco-race of eri silkworm was reared on the leaf of DCH-177 hybrid both on fresh and dry weight basis. Further, significantly higher mean consumption index and approximate digestibility were observed when Borduar eco-race of eri silkworm was reared on the leaves of DCH-177 castor hybrid on fresh weight basis, while it was significantly more in DCH-177 × Khanapara on dry weight basis. Mean growth rate was differed statistically between the castor hybrid/ variety and eco-races of eri silkworm and significantly more growth with DCH-177 × Borduar on fresh weight basis and DCH-177 × Mendipathar on dry weight basis.

How to Cite

Pallavi., Sannappa, B., Naika, R., Bharathi, V.P., 2021. Bio-energetics in selected eco-races of eri silkworm. Research Biotica 3(1), 13-18. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.13-18.

Phosphorus Transformation Status of Typics ustipsamments Taxonomy under in-vitro Condition

Kashyap N. Patel — Wed, 27 Jan 2021 00:00:00 IST

Incubation study was carried out in the Laboratory of Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar. Treatments comprising of three levels of moisture regimes, three levels of P of two P carriers, two levels of FYM and five incubation intervals were evaluated under completely randomized design (with factorial concept) with three replications. Available P₂O₅ content in soil was increased significantly with application of FYM @ 10 t/ha with 2.68 mg P/ 100 g soil and maintenance of moisture at 25% available water capacity was found significantly higher as compared to without FYM. Available P₂O₅ increased up to 3^rd DAI then decreased with respect to phosphorus availability in loamy sand. Under the different forms of phosphorus, maintenance of moisture at 100 % available water capacity, FYM @ 10 t/ha and P 2.68 mg P/ 100 g soil increased the inorganic-P and total-P up to 14^th DAI.

How to Cite

Patel, K.N., 2021. Phosphorus transformation status of Typics ustipsamments taxonomy under in-vitro condition. Research Biotica 3(1), 10-12. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.10-12.

Precision Agriculture: Future Demand of India

Sunil — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 00:00:00 IST

Precision farming is a feasible approach for sustainable agriculture. Precision farming makes use of remote sensing to macro-control of GPS to locate precisely ground position and of GIS to store ground information. It precisely establishes various operations, such as the best tillage, application of fertilizer, sowing, irrigation, harvesting etc., and turns traditional extensive production to intensive production according to space variable data. Precision farming not only may utilize fully resources, reduce investment, decrease pollution of the environment and get the most of social and economic efficiency, but also makes farm products, the same as industry, become controllable, and be produced in standards and batches. The use of inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) based on the right quantity, at the right time, and in the right place. This type of management is commonly known as “Site-Specific Management”. The productivity gains in global food supply have increasingly relied on expansion of irrigation schemes over recent decades, with more than a third of the world's food now requiring irrigation for production. However, precision farming has been confined to developed countries. Land tenure system, smaller farm size and crop diversity have limited the scope of precision farming in India. However, there is a wide scope for precision farming in irrigated/ commercial/ fruit and vegetable crops/ high value crops. It is apparent that there is a tremendous scope for precision farming in India as well and it is necessary to develop database of agriculture resources, which will act as decision support system at the farm.

How to Cite

Sunil., Paras., Loura, D., Akshit., Kumar, S., Shalu., 2021. Precision agriculture: Future demand of India. Research Biotica 3(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/3.1.2021.01-09.

A Review on Pepper and Their Common Phytochemicals

Thiyagarajan Gnanasundaram — Thu, 03 Dec 2020 00:00:00 IST

In the present article reviews novel discoveries associated within the phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of piper species. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) regard as the "King of spices" is a broadly utilized spice that convenes its own flavor to foods and augmented the flavor of other ingredients. Piper nigram has been extensively investigated for its bioactive phytochemicals. Piper species are essential herbal plants utilized in the traditional medicinal plants. They are traditionally used to treat abdominal pain, rheumatism, diarrhea and other common infections, the effectiveness of which is stated by their bioactive compounds. Current scientific research has established that many of these spices, which are known to have specific pharmacological properties, contain active compounds. The result has been an increase in the requirement for herbal medicines globally, which has led to the realization of advanced new medicines. Most communities in growing countries are deeply involved in the use of medicinal plants owing to the alarming rates of poverty, so this requires scientific support, particularly in reducing their effectiveness in treating such diseases. In their pure compounds or standardized plant extracts, they offer unlimited opportunities for new pharmaceuticals as they are unparalleled in compensating for their chemical diversity. The vitality of natural products is related to the effects of various phytochemicals such as tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins.

How to Cite

Gnanasundaram, T., Sivakumar, T., 2020. A review on pepper and their common phytochemicals. Research Biotica 2(4), 149-153. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.4.2020.149-153.

A Study on Nutrient Deficiencies in Feed and Fodder Management Systems in Peri-Urban and Rural Areas of Belgaum District of Karnataka

Pushpa P. — Wed, 25 Nov 2020 00:00:00 IST

Livestock sector plays an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Green fodder provides nutrients for milch animals at cheaper cost. In spite of its importance, in the country, green fodder production has not been given proper place in the cropping pattern in providing proper nutrition to livestock. In view of this, a study was undertaken to analyse the nutrient deficiencies in feed and fodder management systems in peri-urban and rural areas of Belgaum district. Total 160 respondents of 8 villages in peri-urban and rural areas were interviewed by administering the standardised interview schedule. The availability of digestible crude protein rural areas was only 0.474 kg/head/day leading to a percentage deficiency of 36.8. In rural areas the availability of total digestible nutrients was only 2.06 kg/head/day and the same was 3.86 kg/head/day in peri-urban areas. The deficiency of total digestible nutrients was observed in both rural (81.42%) and peri-urban areas (75.89). Considerable percentage deficiency was observed in total digestible nutrients of feeds and fodder fed to livestock in rural (93.06%) and peri-urban areas (73.71%).

How to Cite

Pushpa, P., Pawar, J., Chandan, K., Ramesh, A.P., 2020. A study on nutrient deficiencies in feed and fodder management systems in peri-urban and rural areas of Belgaum district of Karnataka. Research Biotica 2(4), 145-148. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.4.2020.145-148.

A Review of Food and Feeding Habits, Reproductive Biology of Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822)

Dibakar Bhakta — Sun, 15 Nov 2020 00:00:00 IST

Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822) is known ‘Cotio’ a tropical, benthopelagic, freshwater species under the family Cyprinidae. It is distributed in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Nepal in Asia, and its presence in Mayanmar is questionable. As per IUCN Red List Status, it is categorized as Least Concern (LC), but the species categorized as Endangered (EN) in Bangladesh. In India, O. cotio is distributed in Assam (Brahmaputra drainage), Bihar, Manipur (Barak-Brahmaputra drainage), Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and can grow to a maximum length of 15.0 cm. In the juvenile stages it is mainly fed on phytoplankton, and in growing and adult stages on zooplankton, insects, and detritus. The species is monsoon spawners and breeds during the month of May-July. Being a small indigenous fish, it provides nutritional supplements to a large section of economically backward populations. In this prelude, the present review is aimed to provide detailed information on O. cotio that might be useful to know the species, its potential importance, and suitable conservation measures that may be carried out accordingly.

How to Cite

Bhakta, D., 2020. A review of food and feeding habits, reproductive biology of Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822). Research Biotica 2(4), 141-144. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.4.2020.141-144.

Declining Nutrients from Our Plates

Anjali Tiwari — Wed, 04 Nov 2020 00:00:00 IST

Change in climate directly effects on the agricultural ecosystem that results in changing agricultural climatic elements such as temperature, precipitation and sunlight. The impacts of climate change on global food system, nutrition and health will depend on a variety of environmental factors. Due to continuously increasing global temperature, the negative impact of climate change on agricultural crops includes reduction in crop quality and quantity. The increasing population demands more food which resulted intensive agricultural practices like the use of pesticides, livestock generation, extensive use of water resources. The high anthropogenic activities result, degradation of natural resources. Now, it is the need of the hour to strengthen our capacities to combat these constant environmental changes with integration of knowledge from, ancestors, communities and scientific innovations. Technological innovations to meet the local needs of food and nutrition with best practices for producing, preserving and preparing healthy foods.

How to Cite

Tiwari, A., Kesarwani, K., Ghosh, T., Rai, S., 2020. Declining nutrients from our plates. Research Biotica 2(4), 135-140. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.4.2020.135-140.

A Review on Some Folk Medicinal Plants and Their Common Uses

Thirumal Sivakumar — Fri, 30 Oct 2020 00:00:00 IST

Current study aimed to Botanical features, applications in traditional medicinal plants, used to treat and prevent many types of diseases and systematically review publications indicating the viability of traditional medicinal plants. The leaves, fruits, seeds and bark of medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine to treat disorders affecting many systems, including blood circulation, the immune system, the heart, and digestive, respiratory, genetic, musculoskeletal, and conjunctive systems. Some herbal plants are used as pleasant spices, flavors, dyes, and preservatives food etc. Virtually every part of the plant has its own medicinal properties. Various types of phytochemicals found in medicinal plants play a key role in many types of diseases and are also used to produce medicines. The plant has various functions such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, ant-diabetic, antibiotic, hemolytic properties that are widely used by indigenous peoples around the world. The folk medicinal plant uses of 12 herbal species belonging to various families are reported in this review article.

How to Cite

Sivakumar, T., Balasubramanian, D., 2020. A review on some folk medicinal plants and their common uses. Research Biotica 3(4), 131-134. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.4.2020.131-134.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Musa paradisiaca

B. Deepa — Mon, 28 Sep 2020 00:00:00 IST

The antibacterial activities of the extract of Musa paradisiaca L. were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli. Ethanolic extract (MPE) of Musa paradisiaca L. were obtained by standard methods. The antibacterial activity was assayed using agar well diffusion method. The MPE exhibited antibacterial effects with inhibiting zones ranging from 3.09 ± 0.01 mm to 8.53 ± 0.01 mm. The extract showed appreciable quantity of total phenol (Gallic acid equivalent) of 23.12 Mg GAE/g. The higher phenolic content of MPE may be responsible for its antibacterial activity. This study shows that useful bioactives component that can be used in food processing industries.

How to Cite

Deepa, B., Sivakumar, T., 2020. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca. Research Biotica 2(3), 126-130. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.126-130.

Secondary Extension Activities for Fisheries Technology Dissemination by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, South Tripura: An Exploratory Study on Performance

Biswajit Debnath — Tue, 22 Sep 2020 00:00:00 IST

An exploratory study was conducted to review the secondary extension activities conducted by fisheries discipline under Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), South Tripura. Primary objective of a Krishi Vigyan Kendra is to frontline extension through assessment or refinement of technology (On Farm Trials, OFTs), Frontline Demonstrations (FLDs) and conducting training programmes for farmers, rural youths, and extension personnel. Conducting other extension activities which include a wide range of extension events is another mandated activity of KVK. This paper attempted to review the performance conducted in terms of other extension activities than OFT, FLD and Training in fisheries by KVK South Tripura from 2007-08 to 2019-20. The Study identified three categories of extension activities viz., individual, group and mass communication-based events and made the trend analysis of a number of extension activities carried out under each category. It was observed that the number of most of the activities were gradually increased over the years from 2007-08 to 2019-20. Time series pattern didn’t show a similar trend for different types of extension activities over the last 13 years. Few activities were conducted in substantial numbers, whereas a number of activities for few extension events required to be explored for possibilities. There is a lot of scope and potential usefulness for conducting such events under other extension activities on fisheries at KVK, South Tripura.

How to Cite

Debnath, B., 2020. Secondary extension activities for fisheries technology dissemination by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, South Tripura: An exploratory study on performance. Research Biotica 2(3), 121-125. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.121-125.

Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System and Fertigation of Nitrogen in Sugarcane

G. Thiyagarajan — Sat, 19 Sep 2020 00:00:00 IST

Field experiments conducted in sugarcane revealed that scheduling irrigation through drip daily at 80 percent of pan evaporation (PE) registered the highest cane yield (168.2 t ha^-1) in main of cv. CO 86032 which was followed by 60 and 40 percent drip irrigation (148.5 and 140.9 t ha^-1 respectively) and were significantly superior over surface method of irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio (126.2 t ha^-1). In the ratoon crop, drip irrigation treatments at 40, 60 and 80 percent level of pan evaporation produced comparable cane yields (124.4, 131.7 and 128.9 t ha^-1 respectively). Highest water use efficiency was observed in 40% PE treatment for both main crop and ratoon (150.3 and 146.8 kg ha mm^-1 respectively). Nitrogen levels did not show any marked difference on cane yield and application of 175 kg N ha^-1 as fertigation was found to be optimum and economical.

How to Cite

Thiyagarajan, G., Manikandan, M., 2020. Evaluation of drip irrigation system and fertigation of nitrogen in sugarcane. Research Biotica 2(3), 117-120. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.117-120.

Dynamics of Organic Residue Decomposition and Mineralization of Nutrients in Soil

Padmaja H. Kausadikar — Tue, 15 Sep 2020 00:00:00 IST

The present study was undertaken to investigate “Dynamics of Organic Residue Decomposition and Mineralization of Nutrients in Soil” during the year 2018-19 at Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with nine treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were absolute control in T₁, cowdung mixture in T₂, paddy straw in T₃, wheat straw in T₄, sugarcane trash in T₅, gliricidia lopping in T₆, subabul leaves in T₇, soybean stalks in T₈, greengram stalks in T₉. Subabul leaves mixture (T₇) recorded maximum ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen throughout experimentation. Gliricidia lopping mixture ranked 1^st by recording maximum P mineralization for 30, 60 (7.33 mg kg^-1), 90 (7.55 mg kg^-1) and 120 (7.45 mg kg^-1) days of experimentation. Sulphur mineralization was also found highest in T₆ by application of gliricidia lopping mixture during experimentation. Hence, for fast decomposition and nutrient mineralization legume residue is more efficient than cereal or other organic residue.

How to Cite

Kausadikar, P.H., Patel, J., Kuchanwar, O.D., Rananavare, S., Mairan, N., 2020. Dynamics of organic residue decomposition and mineralization of nutrients in soil. Research Biotica 2(3), 113-116. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.113-116.

Effect of Graded Level of N and P on Growth and Yield of Calendula

Ommala D. Kuchanwar — Sat, 12 Sep 2020 00:00:00 IST

An experiment to study the effect of graded level of N and P on growth and yield of calendula was carried out at Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, during October 2018 to march 2019 with sixteen treatment combinations in factorial randomized block design. The treatments comprised of four levels of nitrogen 50, 75, 100, 125 kg ha^-1 and phosphorus 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha^-1 applied as per the treatments. The results of present investigation revealed that, application of 100 kg ha^-1 nitrogen and 50 kg ha^-1 phosphorus produced significantly maximum stem diameter and plant spread with respect to growth parameter, minimum days for first flower bud initiation, days for opening of first flower from bud initiation, days for 50% flowering with respect to flowering parameters and number of flowers plant^-1, flower yield q ha^-1 and dry matter plant yield q ha^-1 with respect to yield parameters which were at par with the results obtained with the application of 125 kg ha^-1 nitrogen and 50 kg ha^-1 phosphorus. The interaction effects revealed that, they were significant in respect number of flowers plant^-1 and flower yield q ha^-1. For these parameters, the best treatment combination was 100 kg N kg ha^-1 + 50 P kg ha^-1. It was followed by 125 N kg ha^-1 + 50 P kg ha^-1.

How to Cite

Kuchanwar, O.D., Nagmote, R.S., Chopde, N.K., Patil, S., Kausadikar, P.H., Panghate, P.A., 2020. Effect of graded level of N and P on growth and yield of calendula. Research Biotica 2(3), 109-112. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.109-112.

Studies on Seed Production of China aster as Influenced by Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Neha Chopde — Tue, 08 Sep 2020 00:00:00 IST

A field experiment was carried out at the farm of Horticulture section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur during the years 2016-17 and 2017-18 in Factorial randomized block design to find out the most suitable dose of nitrogen and phosphorus for increasing seed yield and obtaining better quality seed of China aster with nine treatment combinations and three replications. The treatments comprised of three levels of nitrogen viz., 150, 187.5 and 225 kg ha^-1 and three levels of phosphorus viz., 50, 62.5 and 75 kg ha^-1. The results revealed that, significantly maximum flowers plant^-1, seeds flower^-1, germination % of seed, seed yield plant^-1 and ha^-1 and test weight of seed were registered with the individual treatments of 225 kg nitrogen and 75 kg phosphorus ha^-1. However, the treatment combination of 225 kg nitrogen + 62.5 kg phosphorus ha^-1 was found to be the best treatment as compared to others for obtaining maximum seed yield and good quality seed in China aster.

How to Cite

Chopde, N., Kuchanwar, O., Raut, V.U., Wakode, M.M., Satar, V.P., 2020. Studies on seed production of China aster as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus. Research Biotica 2(3), 105-108. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.105-108.

Prospects of Cleistogamy in Plant Breeding

A. Manivannan — Sat, 05 Sep 2020 00:00:00 IST

Cleistogamy is a mode of reproduction which promotes self-pollination as the flower remains closed even after anthesis. This system avoids contamination of foreign pollen to outcross the clesitogamous flower. In nature, under suboptimal environmental condition, few plant species produce cleistogamous flower which requires fewer resources to reproduction. Three different types of cleistogamy occur in plants namely dimorphic cleistogamy, induced cleistogamy, and complete cleistogamy. This kind of sexual reproduction maintains the locally adopted gene complex and homogeneity of the genes in the population. This system of reproduction helps in achieving the genetic purity of any species. This system can be transferred to other species to exploit the cleistogamous nature of reproduction.

How to Cite

Manivannan, A., 2020. Prospects of cleistogamy in plant breeding. Research Biotica 2(3), 102-104. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.102-104.

Spatial Variation of Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential using Geostatistical Method in the Domain District of Biswanath Chariali, Assam

Jitendra Kumar — Mon, 31 Aug 2020 00:00:00 IST

The present research was aimed to estimate the spatial variability of soil organic carbon and their sequestration potential in the part of Bishwanaath, Chariali district of Assam. The sample was collected from marked sample points representing variability of soil type and crops grown. The collected samples were analysed for Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and further SOC sequestration potential was derived based on this analysed SOC and CSP interpolation method deriving data in unsampled point. Geostatistical method viz., ordinary Kriging was employed for the detailed spatial distribution of SOC, CSP and interpolation map of SOC and CSP were generated. From the generated map it was revealed that SOC was lowest at the western part of study sites whereas the CSP is lowest at two spot where intensive cultivation of rice were practised since long time resulting comparatively less SOC build-up in the soil system. The remaining part of domain district were of medium to higher CSP potential. This difference in spatial variability in SOC and CSP might be due to the variation in soil physical properties specially bulk density of the respective soil sites. The Nugget to Sill ratio was quite high in CSP that indicating the management factor plays a very important role in soil carbon sequestration potential.

How to Cite

Kumar, J., De, N., Sarma, P.K., 2020. Spatial variation of soil organic carbon and soil carbon sequestration potential using geostatistical method in the domain district of Biswanath Chariali, Assam. Research Biotica 2(3), 97-101. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.97-101.

In-Situ Nutrient Recycling and Management

Debasish Borah — Tue, 25 Aug 2020 00:00:00 IST

One of the most important process occurring in the ecosystem is nutrient recycling, which describes the use, movement and recycling of nutrients in the environment involving both living and non-living components using biological, chemical and geological process. For economic and environmental reasons, it is essential that nutrient cycling is used more efficiently in the farm. To achieve this goal, reduction in long-distance nutrient flows, as well as promoting true on-farm recycling is required in which nutrients return in the form of crop residue or manure to the fields from which they came. There are a number of strategies to help farmers reach the goal of better nutrient cycling. However, there are potentially large flows of nutrients onto and off of farms. The inflow occurs as commercial and organic fertilizers and amendments as well as animal feeds are imported onto the farm and in manures and composts brought from off the farm. Exports are mainly in the form of crops and animal products. In general, larger amounts of nutrients are exported off the farm in vegetation (grains, forages, vegetables, etc.) than in animal products. Nutrient flows are of great concern because as nutrient levels decline, the soil rapidly degrades. Nutrient recycling can be done by effective utilization of straw, weed and other biomass, crop residues. Even fallow period can help nutrient recycling as well as maintenance of soil fertility. Crops producing more biomass if utilized well are more beneficial for effective nutrient recycling.

How to Cite

Borah, D., Bora, S.S., 2020. In-situ nutrient recycling and management. Research Biotica 2(3), 91-96. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.91-96.

Biochemical Characteristics of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) in Southern India

Sathish M. — Wed, 12 Aug 2020 00:00:00 IST

In this present investigation, F₄ progenies of three cross combinations of bitter gourd namely, P₁× P₄(MC105 × Pant karela-2), P₂× P₄(TCR471 × Pant karela-2), P₃× P₆(BBGS-09-1 × Arka Harit) and their respective parents P₁(MC105), P₂(TCR471), P₃(BBGS-09-1), P₄(Pant karela-2), and P₅(Arka Harit) were used to analyze the biochemical properties such as total soluble solids, protein content, ascorbic acid content, iron content, momordicine content and total chlorophyll content. The experiment with three cross combination was laid out in a randomized block design. The experiment revealed that the TSS was maximum in progeny P₂× P₄(2.52 ºbrix) while it was minimum in P₁× P₄(2.38 ºbrix). The maximum protein content (1.78%) was recorded in P₂× P₄while it was minimum (1.70%) in P₁ × P₄. The maximum ascorbic acid content (103.50 mg-100 g^-1), iron content (2 mg kg^-1), momordicine content (1.98 mg-g^-1) and total chlorophyll content (0.43 mg-100 g^-1) was recorded in progeny P₁× P₄.

How to Cite

Sathish, M., Lakshmanan, V., Juliet, H.S., Balakumbahan, R., Prasad, Y.M.M., 2020. Biochemical characteristics of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) in Southern India. Research Biotica 2(3), 88-90. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio/2.3.2020.88-90.

Grain Discolouration: An Emerging Threat to Rice Crop

B. Khamari — Mon, 29 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

Rice crop is threatened by more than 50 diseases which may appear at any growth stage of the plants. Grain discolouration is an emerging disease of paddy, reported from different countries of the world and is gradually becoming a serious problem. Out of numerous reasons for grain discolouration, association of microbes is important one. It affects the qualitative and quantitative traits such as germination ability, seed health, seed quality, seed morphology and ultimately it results into yield penalty. It is a complex disease exhibiting various symptoms depending on season, locality, variety and pathogens involved. To mitigate this serious malady, precise identification of pathogen is necessary. An integrated management strategy involving better utilization of genetic resources, use of improved agricultural practices, seed treatment with chemicals or biological agents are need to be under taken to manage this malady.

How to Cite

Khamari, B., 2020. Grain Discolouration: An emerging threat to rice crop. Research Biotica 2(2), 80-87. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.80-87.

Furfural Synthesis from Maize Cob Using Co-Solvents

Sriramajayam, S. — Wed, 24 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

Biofuels and chemicals can be produced from the lignocellulosic biomass would be promising platform in the upcoming decades. The maize cob is selected as lignocellulosic biomass to synthesis chemicals. The maize cob treated with meagre concentration of dilute sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) dehydrated with Tetrahydrofuran (THF) co-solvent and water in the ratio of 1:1 results with furfural formation. The maize cob sample acid catalysed dehydration process at 1, 2.5, 5 and 10% dilute H₂SO₄ is substantial for sugar compounds production, these compounds can be further fermented to produce liquid fuels viz., bioethanol, biobutanol in an efficient manner. The maize cob treated with 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% of dilute H₂SO₄ dehydrated with THF co-solvent and water (1:1) results with furfural formation and highest concentration was found in 0.5% acid catalyzed. The furfurals obtained can be downstream processed to recover and can be used as fuel precursor.

How to Cite

Sriramajayam, S., Gitanjali, J., Chandrakumar, K., 2020. Furfural synthesis from maize cob using co-solvents. Research Biotica 2(2), 75-79. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.75-79.

Effect of Nutrient Management Regimes on Soil Biological Properties - A Review

L.G. Mawlong — Mon, 15 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

Soil quality assessment is very important aspect in determining long term sustainability; however it is governed by different physico-chemical and bio-chemical parameters. These are interrelated among them and controlled by different management practices like tillage, water, organic and inorganic source of nutrients etc. Among the different soil parameters, it was considered that soil biochemical parameters provide rapid and accurate estimates on soil quality and its evaluation require understanding of biochemical and microbiological soil properties. Among the several biochemical and microbiological properties, soil organic carbon fractions, microbial biomass and soil enzymes activities may be considered as an important property which governed soil health or quality. Soil organic carbon fractions includes total organic carbon, soil organic carbon (oxidizable carbon), labile carbon etc., microbial biomass and enzymes activities include content of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and activities of different enzymes like dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, Urease, β-glucosidase, Aryl sulphatase, etc. It is established and proved that, nutrient management practices (application of fertilizers and manures) marked significant effect on SOC fractions and soil enzymes activities. In most of cases, the application of organic sources of nutrients as well as integrated nutrient management resulted in significant improvement in the soil biochemical properties, however, microbial properties like microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and enzymes activities are very sensitive to nutrient management options compared to soil organic carbon fractions.

How to Cite

Mawlong, L.G., Verma, B.C., Kumar, M., Thakuria, D., Kumar, R., 2020. Effect of nutrient management regimes on soil biological properties - A review. Research Biotica 2(2), 65-74. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.65-74.

Efficacy of Sunflower Oil in Modulating Rumen Functions and Reducing Enteric Methane Production in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Avijit Dey — Sun, 14 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

Enteric methane emission from ruminant livestock reduces the efficiency of feed energy utilization and contributes to global warming. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sunflower (SFL) oil supplementation on methanogenesis, volatile fatty acids composition and feed fermentation pattern by in vitro gas production (IVGP) test. SFL oil was examined at three concentrations (0, 0.4 and 0.8 ml/ 30 ml buffered rumen fluid). In vitro incubation was carried out with sorghum hay (200 ± 5 mg) as substrate in 100 ml calibrated glass syringes following standard IVGP protocol. Addition of SFL oil resulted in increase (p < 0.05) in total gas production and decrease (p < 0.05) in methane concentration in head space gas, irrespective of level of inclusion. Linear decrease (p < 0.001) in feed degradability was evident with increasing doses of oil. Acetate production decreased (p < 0.05) without affecting propionate, however, butyrate production increased (p < 0.05) with addition of oil, irrespective of doses. The ratio of acetate to propionate was reduced (p < 0.01) with addition of oils. It is concluded that sunflower oil supplementation exerted inhibitory effects on methane production; however, dry matter degradability was also reduced. Further studies need to be carried out with lower dose levels for their practical application in animal feeding practices.

How to Cite

Dey, A., Paul, S.S., Lailer, P.C., Dahiya, S.S., 2020. Efficacy of sunflower oil in modulating rumen functions and reducing enteric methane production in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Research Biotica 2(2), 61-64. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.61-64.

Effects of Area Specific Mineral Mixture (ASMM) Supplementation on Production and Reproductive Parameters of Crossbred and Desi Cows: A Field Study

Kaushik Pal — Sat, 13 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

A field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of area specific mineral mixture (ASMM) on the production and reproductive performance of cows. 16 animals of both crossbred and desi cows each were evaluated for production and reproduction performances. In all treatment groups (n=8), ASMM was supplemented @ 50 g cow^-1day^-1and @ 30 g cow^-1day^-1to crossbred and desi cows respectively. The control groups (n=8) of each experiment were without ASMM supplementation. In case of productive performance, milk production and milk composition parameters were studied for a period of 90 days of lactation where as dissolution of common reproductive disorders were screened for reproductive performance. Average daily milk yield in the crossbred cows supplemented with ASMM on 90^th day and 120^th day were 7.72 ± 0.19 L cow^-1 and 7.52 ± 0.12 L cow^-1 in contrast to 5.96 ± 0.14 L cow^-1 and 5.63 ± 0.21 L cow^-1 in the control group. Similarly average daily milk yield in the desi cows supplemented with ASMM on 90^th day and 120^th day were 4.17 ± 0.09 L cow^-1 and 3.70 ± 0.08 L cow^-1 in contrast to 3.06 ± 0.03 L cow^-1 and 2.92 ± 0.04 L cow^-1 in the control group. No significant supplemental effects on the milk composition parameters in all the groups were found. First postpartum estrus and number of AI per conception were lesser but conception rates were higher in both crossbred and desi treatment groups compared to respective control groups. It can be concluded that continuous supplementation of area specific mineral mixture enhanced the productive and reproductive efficiency of both crossbred and desi cows.

How to Cite

Pal, K., Maji, C., Das, M.K., Banerjee, S., Saren, S., Tudu, B., 2020. Effects of Area Specific Mineral Mixture (ASMM) supplementation on production and reproductive parameters of crossbred and desi cows: A field study. Research Biotica 2(2), 55-60. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.55-60.

Organic Vegetable Production

T. Ilakiya — Fri, 12 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

Organic farming is one of the broad spectrum methods of production that ensures environmental safety and restricts the synthetic input use. They are the key component for sustainable agriculture. Vegetables are the vital source in Indian Diet for nutrition. But, in recent decades the use of chemicals had created problem to both human and environment. Thus a need arises to go back for organic farming. The primary goal of the organic vegetable production is to optimize health and productivity of the interdependent communities of plant, soil, people and animals. Organic vegetable production for its quality generates a higher income to the farmers. Varied climatic conditions in India and wide soil types had created a huge scope for organic vegetable production to a greater extend. This article details the organic vegetable production.

How to Cite

Ilakiya, T., Parameswari, E., Davamani, V., Yazhini, G., 2020. Organic vegetable production. Research Biotica 2(2), 50-54. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.50-54.

Biowaste Utilisation for Improving Soil Health and Crop Productivity in North Eastern India

Manoj Kumar — Wed, 10 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

Efficient utilisation of bio-wastes could be an important strategy for meeting the growing demand of nutrients and improving the soil health and crop productivity in north-eastern India, where there is abundant availability of bio-wastes (such as crop residues, weed biomass, forest litter, animal dung etc.), and use of chemical fertilisers is traditionally minimal. Production of weed biomass in north-eastern India is estimated to be in the range of 5-20 t ha^-1. Around 9 Mt of crop residues are produced annually in the region. Considering even half of these residues to be available and 40% loss of nutrients contained therein, the potentially available crop residues can add up to 10,000 tonnes of N, 2,000 tonnes of P₂O₅ and 35,000 tonnes of K₂O to soil. Around 15 Mt of animals’ dung produced annually can also supply substantial amount of nutrients. Additionally, these bio-wastes can improve soil organic carbon, moisture retention capacity, buffering capacity and many other desirable attributes of soil quality. These bio-wastes can also be utilised for production of quality organic manure in a short period of 50-80 days using earthworms and cellulose decomposing microorganisms, either alone or in combination. On the whole, efficient utilisation of the available bio-wastes has great potential to improve the soil health and crop productivity, and therefore needs to be promoted on priority basis. This will also help in mitigating the likely impacts of climate change on soil health and crop productivity in north eastern India.

How to Cite

Kumar, M., Rajkhowa, D.J., Mahanta, K., Verma, B.C., Choudhury, B.U., Rao, K.K., Saurabh, K., Rakshit, R., 2020. Biowaste utilisation for improving soil health and crop productivity in North Eastern India. Research Biotica 2(2), 44-49. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.44-49.

Field Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Blister Beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Thunberg) on Pigeon Pea

P. Thilagam — Sun, 07 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2018 to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides against blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Thunberg) in pigeon pea. Among the seven treatments tested, Flubendiamide 480SC @ 30 g a.i ha^-1 was found to be effective and recorded 2.67 and 3.56 numbers plant^-1, respectively at 3 and 7 DAT after first spray followed by the treatment Indoxacarb 15.8SC @ 73 g a.i ha^-1 which recorded 2.78 and 3.56 numbers plant^-1. The third treatment proved to be effective was Deltamethrin 2.8EC @ 12.5 g a.i ha^-1 with the population of 3.22 and 3.78 numbers plant^-1. The similar trend of efficacy was noticed even after the second spray also. The order of efficacy of treatments in the population reduction of blister beetles was Flubendiamide 480SC @ 30 g a.i ha^-1 > indoxacarb 15.8SC @ 73 g a.i ha^-1> Deltamethrin 2.8EC @ 12.5 g a.i ha^-1> Cypermethrin 25EC @ 25 g a.i ha^-1> Lambda cyhalothrin 5EC @ 25 g a.i ha^-1> NSKE 5%. As that of results on the efficacy of insecticides, the reduction per cent in the blister beetle population also follows the similar trend of different treatments tested. This effectiveness also reflected in the highest grain yield of 1140.20 kg ha^-1in Flubendiamide 480SC @ 30 g a.i ha^-1 with a yield increase of 36.47% over untreated check. This was followed by indoxacarb 15.8SC @ 73 g a.i ha^-1(1102.3 kg ha^-1) > Deltamethrin 2.8EC @ 12.5 g a.i ha^-1(1072.0 kg ha^-1) > Cypermethrin 25EC @ 25 g a.i ha^-1(996.4 kg ha^-1) > Lambda cyhalothrin 5EC @ 25 g a.i ha^-1(991.7 kg ha^-1) > NSKE 5% (951.70 kg ha^-1).

How to Cite

Thilagam, P., Dinakaran, D., Gopikrishnan, A., 2020. Field evaluation of different insecticides against blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Thunberg) on pigeon pea. Research Biotica 2(2), 40-43. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.40-43.

Climate Change Impact on Hydrologic System in Aji River Basin

Prasang H. Rank — Wed, 03 Jun 2020 00:00:00 IST

The CCAM (GFDL) RCM simulated daily maximum/minimum temperature and rainfall data for the base line period (1970-2005) and future scenario (2006-2070) for the IPCC SRES rcp 4.5 for 4 grid points (50 km×50 km) falling in Aji basin were bias corrected using Probability Distribution Mapping adopting Gaussian and Gamma distribution respectively. The warming trend of annual average of daily minimum and maximum temperature from 1970-2005 to 2006-2070 was found increased from 0.027 °C year^-1 to 0.04 °C year^-1 and 0.027 °C year^-1 to 0.025 °C year^-1 respectively. The rainfall, runoff and groundwater recharge in the basin were found in statistically stable trend in Aji basin. The best probability distribution was used for estimating each water balance component. The crop water requirements during winter, summer and monsoon season may increase/decrease by the tune of 6.4%, -0.3% and 1.5% during winter, summer and monsoon season respectively in the future as compared to the past, due to climate change impacts. The monsoon seasonal rainfall will be decreased in the future due to climate change impacts. However, the extreme rainfall (100 year return period) event will be increased in the future by the tune of 39%. Similarly, the runoff will be decreased in the future but the extreme event (100 year return period) of runoff will be increased by the tune of 87.5%. The extremity (100 year return period) in the crop evapotranspiration and ground water recharge may be decreased by -5.7% and -5.8% respectively.

How to Cite

Rank, P.H., Vekariya, P.B., Rank, H.D., 2020. Climate change impact on hydrologic system in Aji River Basin. Research Biotica 2(2), 30-39. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.30-39.

Okara: A Low-Cost Adsorbent for Textile Waste Water Treatment

Sarthak Saxena — Fri, 29 May 2020 00:00:00 IST

We are living in the era of expeditiously increasing population and industrialization and water is used in almost all industrial sectors such as food, pharmaceutical, metallurgy, chemical, textile industry and leather industry etc. which produces different kind of effluent. There are several methods used for removing pollutants from wastewater, among them the adsorption method is best as it removes diverse species of pollutants. Textile effluent is one of the major problems for aquatic as well as human life, contains several kinds of dyes, chemicals & hazardous substances that needs to be removed before further use. If the effluent is discharged into the environment without any treatment process, it will cause serious issues related to environmental as well human health. In various waste water treatment plants that are used for treating wastewater through adsorption, cellulosic, lignin based carbon materials, chemically or biologically activated carbonaceous of different biomass origin are used as adsorbent. This paper reviews the possibility of Okara (soyabean milk waste), being a cellulosic biomass and shows some adsorption capacity, as a low-cost adsorbent for treatment of the waste water generated from the textile industries.

How to Cite

Saxena, S., Rai, S., 2020. Okara: A low-cost adsorbent for textile waste water treatment. Research Biotica 2(2), 26-29. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.2.2020.26-29.

Bioremediation of Waste Waters and Application in Aquaculture - A Mini Review

Debtanu Barman — Mon, 23 Mar 2020 00:00:00 IST

Aquaculture production has increased steadily in recent years and is the fastest growing food production sector and has become a valuable component of national development and poverty reduction plans in many areas of the world. Increased fish production is being achieved by the expansion of land and water under culture and the use of more intensive and modern farming technologies that involve higher usage of inputs such as water, feed, fertilizer and chemicals. As a result, aquaculture is now considered as a potential polluter of the aquatic environment. In this context, Bioremediation is most cost effective and environmental friendly treatment option for many environmental pollutants. Bioremediation consists of using living organisms (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria and to a lesser extent, plants) to reduce or eliminate toxic pollutants. Wastes produced in aquaculture farms differ in quality and quantity of components depending on the species farmed and the farming practices adopted. The current approach to improving water quality in aquaculture is the application of microbes/enzymes to the ponds known as 'bioremediation'. When macro and micro organisms and/or their products are used as additives to improve water quality, they are referred to as bioremediators or bioremediating agents. The newest attempt being made to improve water quality in aquaculture is the application of probiotics and enzymes to the ponds is known as bioremediation, which involves manipulation of microorganisms in ponds to enhance mineralization of organic matter and get rid of undesirable waste compounds.

How to Cite

Barman, D., 2020. Bioremediation of waste waters and application in aquaculture - A mini review. Research Biotica 2(1), 20-25. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.1.2020.20-25.

Fertility Assessment of Soil and Suitable Amelioration for Sustainable Quality Mulberry Leaf and Cocoon Production in Karnataka

P. Sudhakar — Sun, 22 Mar 2020 00:00:00 IST

The composite soil samples received from the various cluster sericulture farmer mulberry gardens (2067) of Karnataka state were subjected for their physical and chemical analysis for measuring their nutrient status. It was noticed that 52% soils characterised as clay loamy, 28% red loamy, 12% black cotton and only 8% soils were red lateritic in nature. Soil pH was recorded in the range of 6.10-7.96 with 7.03 average pH. Among them 59% soils comprised with desired pH (6.5 to 7.5%), 21% with high pH (>7.5) and 20% recorded with low pH (<6.5). Soluble salt content (EC) of the mulberry soils ranged from 0.11 to 0.90 with a mean value of 0.69 dS m^-1. All most all the soils of the state (99%) recorded with desired levels of EC (<1.0 dS m^-2) indicating ideal for mulberry. Organic Carbon (OC) was ranged from 0.12-1.06 with a mean value of 0.64%. Out of the soils 74% recorded with low OC (<0.65%) followed by 24% desired (0.65-1.0%) and 2% in rich OC (>1.0%) indicating that soils received were deficient in OC. The macronutrients (N, P & K) presence and distribution revealed that, available Nitrogen (N) registered in 116.4-349.8 with 212.3 kg ha^-1 average content. Similarly 76% soils registered with low level of available nitrogen (<250 kg ha^-1), 23% in medium (250-500 kg ha^-1) whereas 1% with high N (>500 kg ha^-1). Phosphorous (P) in the range of 3.69-103.9 with an average value of 30.1 kg ha^-1. However the distribution of available P is in the ratio of 36:34:30 of high (P>25 kg ha^-1), low (P<15 kg ha^-1) and desired levels of P (15-25 kg ha^-1), respectively. Potassium (K) content was ranged in 181.7-905.4 with a mean value of 521.7 kg ha^-1. The K distribution was high (>240 kg ha^-1) in 42% soils followed by 40% in desired level (120-240 kg ha^-1) and 18% soils recorded with lower quantities of available K (<120 kg ha^-1). The micronutrients such as available Sulphur (S) and Boron (B) present in the range of 10.50-117.30 and 0.08-2.87 with a mean value of 63.90 & 1.48 ppm ha^-1, respectively. Sulphur distribution was noticed that 71% soils registered rich in S (>15 ppm), 21% medium (10-15 ppm ha^-1) and 15% soils represent deprived levels of S (<10 ppm). Boron was found medium level (0.5-1.0 ppm ha^-1) in 48% soils followed by 30% with low level B (<0.5 ppm ha^-1) and 22% soils with high amount of B (>1.0 ppm ha^-1). Based on the above findings suitable soil amelioration prescriptions were served in the form of ‘Soil Health Cards’ for correcting their mulberry gardens to minimise the cost of production thereby achieving quality mulberry leaf production for the development of Bivoltine sericulture.

How to Cite

Sudhakar, P., Sobhana, V., Swamy Gowda, M.R., Sen, S., Sneha, M.V., Sivaprasad, V., 2020. Fertility assessment of soil and suitable amelioration for sustainable quality mulberry leaf and cocoon production in Karnataka. Research Biotica 2(1), 15-19. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.1.2020.15-19.

Integrated Crop-Livestock Farming Systems: A Strategy for Dry Land and Conservation Agriculture

Chandan Singh Ahirwar — Sat, 21 Mar 2020 00:00:00 IST

Agricultural sector is regarded as the key component of the economies of many developing nations, including India. Globally, agriculture accounts for a large share of GDP; it employs a significant proportion of the labour force, represents a major source of foreign exchange earnings, supplies bulk of basic food and provides subsistence and other income to the agriculture dependant growing population in the world. However, the country is facing decline in growth in agriculture relative to other sectors. The agricultural sector grew at a rate of 2.7%, relative to about 10% growth in both the service and industry sector, in the recent times. Agricultural incomes are lower and the rate of growth is slower than incomes in other sectors. This has resulted in persistence of unacceptable levels of hunger, poverty and malnutrition among large section of India’s population. The strong linkages that agriculture has with other economic sectors representing both forward and backward linkages provide significant stimulus for growth and income generation. It is therefore obvious that significant progress in promoting economic growth, reducing poverty and enhancing food security cannot be achieved without developing a sound, effective and vibrant agriculture system that pays concurrent attention to the human potential and productive capacity of the agriculture sector. These in turn will ensure enhanced contribution of agriculture to the overall economic and social development.

How to Cite

Ahirwar, C.S., Nath, R., 2020. Integrated crop-livestock farming systems: A strategy for dry land and conservation agriculture. Research Biotica 2(1), 11-14. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.1.2020.11-14.

Effect of Pruning and Fertigation on Plant Biometric Characters in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) - A Review

A. Mahadevan — Fri, 20 Mar 2020 00:00:00 IST

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), is one of the most important fruit crops cultivated widely in tropical region of the world and considered as ‘poor man’s apple’ or ‘the apple of tropics’ due to its low cost of production and high nutritional value. Pruning is one of the most ancient horticultural practices which regulate the tree size and shape to achieve a desired architecture of the canopy and also to reduce the vegetative growth by removing unproductive branches of the tree. Guava is an evergreen tropical fruit crop and rarely pruned in our country to regulate the canopy for better yield and quality of fruits despite that guava responds to pruning. Fertigation (application of fertilizer solution with drip irrigation) has the potential for the right combination of water and nutrient which make it available at the root zone, satisfying the plant requirements. These inputs are the key factors for high yield and quality. Fertigation saves fertilizer as it permits applied fertilizer in required quantities at a time matching with the plants nutrient requirement. Besides, it is considered as eco-friendly which avoids leaching and also saves atmospheric pollution.

How to Cite

Mahadevan, A., 2020. Effect of pruning and fertigation on plant biometric characters in guava (Psidium guajava L.). Research Biotica 2(1), 01-07. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.1.2020.01-07.

Evaluation of Pheromone Traps for the Management of Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Redgram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] Ecosystem

S. Lekha Priyanka — Fri, 20 Mar 2020 00:00:00 IST

The present study entitled “Evaluation of pheromone traps for the management of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Redgram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] ecosystem” was carried out to study the influence of trap height on catches of H. armigera in redgram ecosystem during kharif 2017 at experimental farm of NPRC, Vamban and farmer’s field at Vadakaddu. Funnel traps were more effective compared to delta traps and green funnel traps placed at a height of one feet below the crop canopy (95.4 moths / 5 traps) and at the level of crop canopy (94.8 moths / 5 traps) performed well compared to traps placed at two feet below the crop canopy (73 moths / 5 traps), one feet above the crop canopy (59 moths / 5 traps) and two feet above the crop canopy (55 moths / 5 traps).

How to Cite

Priyanka, S.L., Saminathan, V.R., Sithanantham, S., Ambethgar, V., Manivannan, N., 2020. Evaluation of pheromone traps for the management of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in redgram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] ecosystem. Research Biotica 2(1), 8-10. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.2.1.2020.08-10.

Effect of Nutritional Fortification of Nanoparticles of Riboflavin on the Growth and Development of Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

M. Kamala — Sat, 28 Dec 2019 00:00:00 IST

The freshly collected mulberry leaves were smeared with solutions of nanoparticles of riboflavin a vitamin (B₂) in different concentrations. The enriched leaves were air dried. The fifth instar larvae of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. were fed with enriched leaves thrice a day. Feeding parameters, food conversion efficiency, growth and economic characters were studied and recorded. Supplementation of nanoparticles of vitamin B₂ showed a positive impact and significantly enhanced the growth of the larvae (28.985%), silk gland weight (111.392%) and silk yield (194.44%) when compared to control. So vitamin B₂ nanoparticles can be used as a fortification agent for improving the silk production.

How to Cite

Kamala, M., Karthikeyan, A., 2019. Effect of nutritional fortification of nanoparticles of ribolavin on the growth and development of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Research Biotica 1(1), 23-30. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.1.1.2019.23-30.

Present Status on Distribution, Biodiversity and Management of Indian Mangroves

Udai Ram Gurjar — Thu, 26 Dec 2019 00:00:00 IST

Globally, mangroves are one of the most productive and threatened ecosystems situated within the intertidal zones of tropics and subtropics. Mangrove ecosystem of India is unique with the highest record of biodiversity, gifted with the mangrove genetic bliss at Bhitarkanika, and wildlife threatened species in the Sundarbans. They act as a guardian of juvenile stock and important source of livelihood for coastal communities and protect from storm surges and tsunami. Mangroves are also a great source for carbon sinks and sequester the high amount of CO₂. Mangrove ecosystems are vulnerable to various anthropogenic actions such as industry, agriculture, solid waste dumping, aquaculture ponds, construction of buildings and infrastructures. In recent years, the conservation of mangrove reserves and habitats has assumed great significance in developing countries. This article deals with the present status of mangroves biodiversity, conservation and management strategies for restoration of these fragile ecosystems.

How to Cite

Gurjar, U.R., Takar, S., Bunkar, K., Pathak, V., Singh, J., 2019. Present status on distribution, biodiversity and management of Indian mangroves. Research Biotica 1(1), 16-22. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.1.1.2019.16-22.

Impact of Bivoltine Sericulture in Improving Socio Economic Conditions of Sericulture Farmers of Madakasira Cluster through Cluster Promotion Programme (CPP)

B. Vijaya Naidu — Wed, 25 Dec 2019 00:00:00 IST

Efforts of more than one decade of Cluster Promotion Programme (CPP) implementation at Madakasira has yielded marked improvement in the development of Bivoltine sericulture and production of gradable bivoltine raw silk. It was noticed that DFLs distribution was recorded 0.58 lakh in 2008-09, 1.40 lakh (2009-10), 1.43 (2010-11), 1.82 (2011-12), 2.25 (2012-13), 3.55 (2013-14) 4.83 (2014-15), 6.92 (2015-16), 10.06 (2016-17), 15.82 (2017-18) and 16.02 lakh in 2018-19, respectively with a pounding increase of DFLs distribution as against the bench mark level brushing of 0.42 lakh DFLs before 2008. Growth rate of DFLs distribution was ranged from 94.79 to 138.7% in case of target and 38.1 to 3714.3 % over bench mark. Similar trend was noticed with regard to number of DFLs harvested among the farmers. CPP implementation under the cluster also prejudiced the cocoon yield per 100 DFLs ranging from 61.67 to 73.55 kg during the CPP period (2008-2018) resulting in 40.16 to 67.16% increase as compared to bench mark yield (44.0%). Due to CPP implementation under Madakasira during the CPP period a total of 64.26 lakh DFLs were distributed as against 55.10 lakh target generating 618.73MT raw silk among 24,000 sericulturists. The average market rate too increased significantly ranging from Rs. 279.00-506.00 with 24.0-124.9% increase. Further the Bivoltine sericulture practice has not only transformed the living standards of sericulturists but also refining their socio economic standards. Bivoltine sericulture practice offered the farming community in clearing their long standing monitory dues, civilizing their children education standards, increasing immovable properties and increasing the horizontal growth of sericulture and procure sophisticated gadgets.

How to Cite

Vijaya Naidu, B., Sudhakar, P., Kiran Kumar, K.P., Tewary, P., 2019. Impact of bivoltine sericulture in improving socio economic conditions of sericulture farmers of Madakasira Cluster through Cluster Promotion Programme (CPP). Research Biotica 1(1), 09-15. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.1.1.2019.09-15.

Indigenous Alcoholic Beverage ‘Chakti’ of High Altitude Bhotiya Community of Chaudans Valley of Kumaun Himalayas

Sunil Joshi — Fri, 20 Dec 2019 00:00:00 IST

The traditional foods and beverages are an indicative of the simplicity and uniqueness of the life of tribal people living in close proximity of nature as well as each other. One such community is the Bhotiya tribe of Uttarakhand residing in the high altitude Indian Himalayan Region, known globally for its ethnic knowledge and traditional practices. They have old age traditions of producing indigenous alcoholic beverages. The present study undertakes one such practice of preparing a traditional drink called ‘Chakti’ using a wheat-based ethnic starter culture ‘balma’ having Thymus linearis (Jungali ajwain) as the main ingredient. The traditional drink is not only a part of their household or societal ceremonies and festivals but is a source of nutrition as well as income generation and livelihood. Furthermore, there is a need of assessment and documentation of these traditional beverages in terms of quality so as to with the aim of preserving indigenous knowledge as well as utilise it accordingly.

How to Cite

Joshi, S., Bhojak, P., Thapliyal, N., Satish, K.V., Bisht, K., Mehta, P., Joshi, V., Negi, V.S., Sekar, K.C., Rai, S., 2019. Indigenous alcoholic beverage ‘Chakti’ of high altitude Bhotiya community of Chaudans Valley of Kumaun Himalayas. Research Biotica 1(1), 01-04. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.1.1.2019.01-04.

Phytoremeditation: A Potential Tool for Waste Water Recycling

Pooja Thathola — Sat, 14 Dec 2019 00:00:00 IST

Plants can be used in the cleanup and prevention of environmental pollution. This relatively new and green technology that uses natural processes to break down, stabilize, or accumulate pollutants. Phytoremediation-related processes might amend the situation or chemical makeup of contaminants. Multidisciplinary studies will help to develop a better understanding of the ecological interactions that contribute to phytoremediation, the effects of phytoremediation on ecological relationships, and the movement of pollutants through ecosystems. Phytoremediation, requires careful choice of plant species and management practices are key to promoting ecological restoration and preventing pollutant dispersal. Native/local plant species with effective remediation properties should be used that provide natural hydraulic control and soil stabilization should be selected.

How to Cite

Thathola, P., Chandola, D., Agnihotri, V., Rai, S., 2019. Phytoremeditation: A potential tool for waste water recycling. Research Biotica 1(1), 05-08. DOI: 10.54083/ResBio.1.1.2019.05-08.