Pod borers, predominantly lepidopteran pests (notably Crambidae and Noctuidae), are a major constraint to legume and other crop production because larvae penetrate pods, flowers and vegetative tissues, reducing seed quality, yield and marketability and increasing vulnerability to pathogens. This review aimed to consolidate the current understanding of the importance, biology, host use, environmental regulation, damage assessment and integrated management of pod borers, with an emphasis on economically robust decision-making and future-ready control. Pod borer population dynamics are tightly governed by developmental biology and environmental cues. Under climate change, temperature, humidity, rainfall and photoperiod interact to shape diapause, voltinism and range expansion. Effective management requires IPM combining monitoring (visual scouting; pheromone and light traps, with recommended trap spacing of ~10-110 m; systematic egg/larval sampling; and emerging automated image-based tools), economic thresholds adapted to crop, region, technology level and market prices and interventions integrating cultural tactics, biological control, selective/ rotated insecticides and host plant resistance (including wild-relative introgression, metabolomics-guided trait discovery, Bt crops, RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9). Overall, locally adapted, farmer-participatory, climate-resilient IPM supported by advanced surveillance and judicious inputs are pivotal for sustainable pod borer suppression and stable crop productivity.
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Helicoverpa armigera, Integrated pest management, Lepidoptera, Maruca vitrata
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